The state of Journalism in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The state of Journalism in the States - Essay ExampleAs America cities such(prenominal) as Boston, Washington, New York and Philadelphia grew so did journalism. The telegraph, larger printing presses, alongside other technological innovations provided for mint printing of newspapers, and boosted circulation of the newspaper thereby increase revenues collected (Winfield, 2008). In large cities, some of the newspapers were politically independent. For smaller cities, most were closely tied to political parties, which were used to communicate and campaign. The editorials of such newspapers explained party position on current issues while damning the opposition. The press expanded rapidly as the major support constituent in the American party systems. By 1900 key newspapers had turned into profitable power houses of muckraking, sensationalism and advocacy, along with professional news gathering. In the late 19th Century much of United States Journalism were housed in large media congl omerates. The digital journalism was later introduced in the 21st Century, with all newspaper facing line of business crisis as readers turned to internet as their major source of getting news with advertisers following them (Joyce, & Nip, 2006). The increasing growth of the impact of internet, particularly in after 2000, introduced free news. It also classified advertisements to audiences that could no thirster care for paid subscriptions. Many dally newspapers had the business model undercut by the Internet. Bankruptcy loomed across America and even hit major papers such as the Chicago Tribune, the Loss Angeles Times, and the grating Mountain news among many others. Since then, journalism has never remained the same. This paper explores the state of journalism in America.... However, wish other globe service broadcasting corporations in which journalists operate, often derive some of their funding from the giving medication. whatever public service corporations derive thei r funding from the community or non-profit organizations. Other forms of funding include pledges from sponsors. The government directly discharges broadcasting services, albeit their limited number. cosmos broadcasting corporations often come with their programs. They also purchase the programs from distributing and producing companies such as APT, APM and NPR, among others. The funding of the public broadcasting corporations are channeled through the Public Broadcasting Corporation (Brad, 1994). The Public Broadcasting Television service receives support from the viewers, as well as commercial sponsors. It is this feature that has do them to be characterized as commercial broadcasting corporations. However, it is worth noting that the commercial advertisements are often limited, short and comparatively muted. Technologies have enabled the public to access the channels of television through the cable systems, which are funded by the right fees and television donations (Brad, 1994 ). The United States public broadcasting television channels have been widely criticized for leaning towards conservatism. Since 2012, erosion of news reporting resources has continued to converge with increasing opportunities for those on government agencies, politics, companies with others taking messages directly to the public (Fuller, 1999). In 2012, there were signs of shrinking in reporting power. The estimates for cutbacks in the newspaper newsroom in 2012 put media intentness down 30 percent since 2000. It also put the industry below 40,000 employees who are on a full-time

Aboriginal Residential Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aboriginal Residential Schools - Essay ExampleAccording to this report, it is obvious that on that point are highly-paid authorities jobs available in such areas, however, the Inuit community is unable to avail such opportunities collectable to lack of formal education. In some cases, even if a member of the Inuit community is formally better he is not qualified for that particular job. Consequently, the burden of unemployed individuals has to borne by the Canadian government. According to the findings of this study, the poorness of aboriginals is not only linked with unemployment. Lack of secondary education coupled with poor health and living(a) conditions also worsen their economic situation. The difference between the majority non-Aboriginal population and minority Aboriginal peoples speaks volumes slightly the imbalance in Canadian society. It is imperative to raise their living standards by encouraging them to pursue high education so that they can meet the demands of t he job market. Alternatively, specific jobs for Aboriginals should be created so as to streamline their workforce in the mainstream labor market. It is indeed a daunting task to redress the disarray that has been make out of residential schools, but the Canadian government is grave about making definite changes. The government is also serious about resolving the problem of unemployment as this places an undue burden on the national economy. If the Aboriginal population could contribute somehow towards the national economy, the Canadian economy and society both would social welfare a great deal from such measures.

Grandparents raising their own Grandchildren Essay

Grandparents raising their own Grand electric razorren - Essay Example(Bold, M, Gladys J. Hildreth & Ronald A Fanning 1999)The socialization theory, like virtually other theories of social control, also holds that pro-social family processes like the house rules and the inherent attachment resulting from a family setting, do shanghai growing tiddlerrens behaviour and character.The Group Socialization Theory states that childrens peer groups affect the behavior and learning patterns of the children much than the influence exerted by their families or genetics. Social control in growing children can be say to operate through direct control, indirect control, satisfaction of needs, and internalized control. Direct control has to do with parental watchfulness and monitoring, while indirect control is the interaction of growing childrens beliefs and attachment. For example, children will try not to jeopardize their family affinity by not disappointing their parents or grandparents . Growing children also seek for satisfaction of their needs, and if a child is not emotionally satisfied within the family, the child seeks intimacy and support from his peers.One important consequence of this and other models is the timing of family management practices and how these affect later peer choices. Poor attachment, monitoring, and supervision in the preteen phase will surface later in an adolescents choice of peers (Oxford, Harachi et al. 2001). According to Judith Harris, the psychological characteristics a child is born with become permanently modified by the environment (Harris 1995, p. 482) Some people are of the faith that there are two main developments in the field of psychology as a hearty that need to be better assimilated in socialization work. The first is the attack on the trait (or disposition) theory, and it is argued that socialization research can survive this attack only if it becomes more concerned with structural developmental reassign in its de pendent variables. Second, the impact of the cognitive revolution is assessed, and the paper argues that more care must be given to the ways in which children process inputs from socialization agents, and developmental changes in processing capacities. Finally, it is urged that research attention must be focused on the conditions which sustain the effective performance of socialization agents. (http//www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp_nfpb= genuine&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED112283&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED112283) For many decades now, there has been an ongoing conjunctive effort to clearly distinguish between the roles of nature and nurture in human development, and this has eventually led to some of the most provocative discoveries and psychological advances in the twentieth century. In his book, Stephen Pinker noted that for many decades psychologists have looked for the causes of individual differences in cognitive abilit y and in personality. The conventional wisdom has been that such traits are strongly influenced by parenting practices and role models. (Pinker, S.

Answers for the Examination Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answers for the Examination Papers - Essay ExampleThe cornerstone of these attacks is a unfortunate monetary policy of the government (the gap between monetary policy and fixed exchange valuate). jibe to Krugman, the prerequisite for the currency crisis is the budget deficit that in turn is financed by the credits this process may entail the depletion of the militia of the currency (reserves of the currency to which a national one is pegged). If the domestic interest count equals foreign interest rate, than the supply of the money caused by the expansion will be more than the occupy on the national currency. The surplus of the domestic currency on the market leads to the increased demand on the foreign currency. In order to satisfy demand on the foreign currency, the national bank has to parcel out the reserves of the foreign currency. Once the reserves have been depleted, the national bank will have to dispense with its fixed exchange rates policy as it will have no suffic ient reserves to sustain it(Crznar, Currency crisis supposition and practice with application to Croatia). Certainly as several decades have passed since the homework of this model by Paul Krugman it has been readjusted to reflect current trends and realities, however in view of many critics this theory has one important flaw contention that a government could be a passive observer on the market and will do little or nothing at all to allay monetary and fiscal problems of the country. Usually the government could readjust its monetary and fiscal policy to the exchange rate regime it maintains.Second generation model. In view of the crisis of European Monetary System in 1992, in the raw theories of causes of currency crisis have been developed. According to this model, the government maintains fixed exchange rate regime as huge as it deems necessary to do so( it might do it to decrease inflation or to establish more predictable environment for its importers and exporters. Howeve r, the government will certainly

Analyzing the american beauty movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing the american beauty movie - Essay ExampleAmerican kayo Film Several symbols have been used in the movie American Beauty the screenwriter utilizes color rubicund throughout the film. For instance the beginning appearance of Annette Bening, reveals her love for arises where shes shown cutting deprivation roses. Allan Ball the script writer uses color red in this movie to represent the concept of sprightliness force. The concept is used symbolically since by nature, it responds towards defying revealing nature of suppressive sub-urban life. This can be seen of first appearance of Annette Bening, where shes cutting red roses. The activity is symbolic of cutting life force afterward which she reveals her emotional and spiritual control, during painfully stilted family dinner. The music background used in the scene where rose petals be seen floating everywhere assist in the creation of mood on the fact that the scenes are dream sequences, hence fantasy involved. However, A merican dream is represented through beautiful roses as well up as luxurious furniture. Lighting variations utilized is considered excellent, since there are no sign of major distractions from actions or conversations within various scenes. Green and somber soft light is utilized in the scene where Rickys father beat him up on the face. Afterwards, Ricky is seen wiping blood from his face with reflection through the mirror (American Beauty). ... On the issue of life force, Kevin Spacey is revealed as incapable of repressing sex as part of his sub-urban life force. This is revealed through his fantasies, where the object of his lust, Mena Suvari, is shown floating on bed of red rose petals, and in some instances soaking in tub covered with roses. In visual pleasure and narrative flick Laura Mulvey presents interesting facts regarding sexual imagery on both men and women. A good example is on page 837 under the header, Woman as Image, Man as Bearer of the Look, where the concept as represented on this film is achieved. Elaboration on this aspect is found on the final bump between Kevin Spacey and Mena Suvari where they are almost involved in sexual encounter there is vase of red roses shown. Further, Mulvey uses a critics opinion of women in cinema through summary on the facts, women and matter in film because of what they mean to the hero i.e. the man (Mulvey 837). On the same note, Peter Gallagher depicts Annette Benings pent-up sexuality through bus stop posters having red background. Spacey uses red for the purposes of depicting ascent based on individuality representing uncivilized impulse. The hot-rod of Spaceys boyhood dreams is also represented by bright red color. Red is further used by Chris Cooper, the psycho ex-Marine to represent sexuality and program line of individuality, the event on kissing between her and Kevin Spacey is crowned by bright red elevator car in the background. Assertion of individuals uniqueness in this film is represented in legion(predicate) ways making only few overcome the quest for freedom from control (American Beauty). Red is used as symbol of individualism

Criminological Theory and Sanctions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminological Theory and Sanctions - Essay Example perceive last-place benefit, whence, motivates a criminal port. Routine activities theory further explains interaction of motivation from perceived net benefits with presence of a vulnerable target and absence of guidance. Occurrence of a crime within these frameworks would therefore define a normal criminal activity and support normal sanction codes but not an occurrence outside frameworks, which should require a different consideration in determining a sanction. A criminal activity in which perceived cost is far above perceived benefits or star that is conducted in full presence of a guardian and on non-vulnerable target identifies factors that may require lesser sanctions. This is because of possible biological, social, and psychological complications into criminal behavior that requires different approaches to prevention of criminal activities based on causes. Remedying behavior caused by genetic problems, for example, requi re biological initiatives that are not the same for initiatives for social or psychological dependent behavior (Bryant 144-

Commercial uses of GPS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Commercial uses of GPS - Assignment casefulGPS-enabled transporters can be activated when removed from selected machines and provide mend updates for recovery. Apart from machines, humans can get into GPS devices in their body for introduce, in case they operate in insecure areas, or are crocked enough to afford one. A satellite-linked GPS receiver can provide accurate navigational data on the location of a victim and aid in a rescue mission.In shipping, GPS has diverse invaluable applications in navigation and overhaul delivery. It is applicable if a company pairs a GPS tracker with a radio transponder for tracking purposes. It can ease their operations significantly, for instance, identification of problems in the course of transportation. The resultant up-to-the-minute update on a movement of products is helpful for companies, as it can help transportation trucks avoid traffic or accident routes. In addition, it is useful in commercial transportation, for instance, one can determine the distance and clock a bus or train takes to arrive at its destination.In the contemporary society, companies use GPS in their advertisement and marketing strategies. GPS receivers in portable services such as cell phones enable location-based service delivery in terms of marketing. The GPS device proffers estimated geographical location when one connects to a network exploitation a GPS enabled device. In addition, social networking companies such as Twitter have taken up the trend, and offer services to nearby consumers. Personalization of service delivery promotes efficiency because it connects virtual presence to real-world nearness.In addition, GPS is widely applicable in survey work and real estate processes. It saves hours of survey work because it enables verification of property location and property size online.

How has McDonald's change in the last 5 years in UK Essay

How has McDonalds change in the last 5 years in UK - Essay ExampleThe study success of McDonalds is based on this certificatione furrow model. Approximately 70% of McDonalds populacewide restaurant occupationes argon have and operated by independent businessmen and women, our franchisees. McDonalds first restaurant in UK was opened in 1974 in the province of Woolwich. This was owned and managed by the company directly. It was in 1986 that McDonalds started franchise model of business by opening franchise restaurant. Since then number of franchise restaurants in UK has been on steady rise.In this paper, we analyze how the structure of the McDonalds business model and how has it changed in UK. Today Big Business has a strength is the market. McDonald was able to make consumption this too large branding image in UK market. It is natural that large business corporations account for major shares of output, employment, enthronisation and trade. This article reviews five aspects o f McDonalds during the last five years from 2001-2006. The major points we are going to discuss are 1. role of the large corporation as a feature of the UK economy 2. role of its business leaders 3. the managerial revolution 4. existing business environment and the size of Britains large companies relative to other part of the country. The beginning of this period is marked by a real testing periods for many corporates. Companies need to bear for new business models to survive in this context. Understanding the managerial practice of McDonald, it will be significant to understand the objectives and concepts of retailing. In the McDonalds franchise business model they will be supported by the world famous McDonalds system, in the areas of operations, training, advertising, and marketing to name but a few. McDonalds franchises restaurants to individuals only. Never to companies, partnerships, family groups or passive investors. Franchisees go past their restaurant(s) as an indepen dent business. They are responsible for driving the business forward and all normal business functions i.e. recruiting, marketing, accounting and administration and managing and representing the brand in the local community. Independent companies supply all raw materials, goods and work to each restaurant. All products used in the restaurant should have approval of the parent group. McDonalds Franchise intellect is for twenty years. The competition in the food retail sector in UK is growing and the future of food product trade belongs most likely to the retail chains. The retail chains in UK are fairly developed, as they do not differ much from the corresponding developing retail formats. The competition has increased with the accession for retail chains. The share of retail chains of the whole retail trade is at the moment estimated to be around seventy percent, they are taking over the markets at a rapid pace at the expense of unorganised forms of trade. The presence of large retail chains has an impact on the production situation likewise. In the food production sector the competition is fierce, as big UK and foreign producers want to verify their piece of the huge demand potential. Thus the largest producers are relentlessly utilising their size they invest in big marketing campaigns and are willing to pay high entry fees to retail chains in army to secure a place on the store shelves and build a strong brand also in UK. Information on

The Sitcoms of the 1970s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Sitcoms of the 1970s - Essay ExampleThe video recording sitcoms of the 1970s explored our racism, sexism, and descriptor bias and uncovered a reality that exposed the depth of prejudice in America and the television industry.Because television during this period was an evolving event, its helpful to view it somewhat chronologically. By 1970 Leave it to work had been deceased for 7 years. Ozzie and Harriet passed in 1964 and My Three Sons had just two more seasons of life left. The image of the representative American family that consisted of a well employed father living in suburbia had been exposed as a myth and could no longer support a sitcom. The 1960s and the war in Vietnam had change state the countrys innocence and America was ready to explore their new maturity. No other vehicle would spark as much social, political, or cultural debate as the American sitcom during this period.The years 1970 - 1972 were as historic for what was canceled as much as for what was debut ed. In 1971, the rural south was virtually eliminated from the comedy half-hour format. parkland Acres and the Beverly Hillbillies were both canceled. These two shows depicted an unrealistic view of the South and rural America in general. Characters were put in positions that were not believable while portraying a bias against the underlying themes of intolerance and ignorance. Mayberry RFD and Hee Haw, shows that reflected the widely accepted view of rural common sense and decency, also got cut in 1971. These shows would be replaced by more urban and topical settings with characters capable of generating greater controversy and better demographics (Butsch 19). Idealism was macrocosm tempered by network economics. A major theme that ran throughout the 1970s sitcom was the reshaping of our detection of the American home. The picture of the house being headed by a strong father figure was fading. Wowork force were nice more dominant and shown as more independent in shows such as Mary Tyler Moore and Maude. The men were portrayed with character flaws such as Archie Bunker in solely in the Family and Fred Sanford in Sanford and Son. workforce were underemployed and if married lived with a dominant female.This restructuring of the household offered the producers and writers the opportunity to explore issues that the white middle class male could not approach. June chopper could not even discuss abortion, while Maude Findlay could have one. Ward Cleaver did not drink while Walter Findlay, Maudes husband, was an alcoholic (Maude). Many sitcoms of this era were placed in a household where the children were grown. This provided an environment for adult issues to be aired and debated. It would also offer the contrasting social viewpoints that were emerging at the time.No other show propelled the 1970s sitcom genre as much as All in the Family did when it debuted in 1971. Producer Norman Lear had gone to the edges of the American psyche to explore racism. Yet, t elevision was distillery in its adolescence and this was shown in the naivet of the programs plot and writing. Archie Bunker, the lead character, was an avowed bigot who referred to minorities as Spades, Spics, or Hebes and believed that their social gains were coming at the expense of the middle class whites (All in the Family). Lear believed that by playing Bunker as a misguided fool, his bigotry would likewise be

Deficiency of General and Family Physicians in Canada Research Paper

Deficiency of widely distributed and Family Physicians in Canada - Research Paper ExampleDeficiency of customary and family physicians results in protracted waiting lists to grab hold of appointments and receive services. For instance, in Massachusetts, wellness cargon coverage was expanded to comprise the uninsured in 2006. The bearing was to provide residents with consistent access to physicians and treatments. With increased demand, the system became overburdened. An avalanche of disappointing statistics indicated that it takes two to five weeks to get the attention of some specialists. There is also a 15% rise in family physicians number who are not seeing new patients. The increase in levels of insured citizens shows an alarming physician shortage. It is expected that the order will toll on the 46 million Americans presently without insurance coverage. Physician shortages are specifically evident in peri-urban and rural households, demonstrating a change in nationwide demo graphics relating to baby boomers and their health alimony desires. It also affects trends of enrollment in medical school and their specialization. In spite of recent happenings, physician shortages have a bun in the oven critical implications for patients. Shortage of doctors results inpoorer health output.Patients delay in receiving care since the absence of a general physician to diagnose and treat consults with other doctors. They also move from one specialist to another to defend a resolution. Presence of a primary care physician is significant in sustaining good health. It is gnarly to have a doctor shortage, as well as general and family physicians. It is recommended by the American necktie of Family Practitioners (AAFP) that 41.6 family physicians should be present in every 100,000 people. Many medical communities around the world are arduous to struggle with the effects of doctor shortages. Many patients fail to seek care, regular prevention or commission of chronic diseases, thus ending up in the emergency department. Many visit community health clinics since they accept walk-in patients.

Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

training - Research Paper ExampleIt can be argued that better teaching method may be an tilt toward better flavor. The primarily role of education to an exclusive is the ability to offer knowledge, competence and the skills required of an individual to participate effectively in the happenings of the society as well as the economy. Education has the capacity to amend the lives of individuals inwardly the society such that it helps in the development and advancement of political interests, health challenges, wellbeing and fellowship in civic activities. According to OECD Better Life Index, research studies reveal that educated people within the society lives longer and actively partake in political matters (OECD). Further, individuals with better education participate actively in the communities where they reside, engage less in criminal activities and do non depend on tender assistance as their counterparts with no or little education. Better education is somehow equated to better life because of the increased opportunities and potential that quality education offers in securing good employment and pocketing good kale. When compared to individuals with poor educational background, educated members of the society are affected by the unemployment tendencies to a lesser extent because the educational accomplishments recognize them more attractive to the labor market (Rouse). It is also argued that higher levels of education correspond to increased earnings in the employment market (OECD). As a result, highly educated people would have the favour of having higher earnings with the advantage of accessing better services such as health services. Alternatively, individuals can grasp better life without necessarily having better education. The case of Malcolm X for instance, enjoyed better life but did not have the privilege to acquire better education. He had little education but still succeeded in life because the education he acquired was not imperativ e for his success but helped to understand the world in a much better way. He could communicate effectively with members of the society. He came to understand about several(prenominal) words that existed that he did not have an idea of. The little education that Malcolm got made him to go places, get word people and understand events that took place in the world (Wiener 84). Success in life can organise from individuals with low education but are innovative and productive with their lives. Nonetheless, education is important in circumstances individuals to improve their understanding of the world and relationship with the society. Talent, motivation and creativity in individuals are the most important elements in the success and prosperity of people (Thiel). These elements are not imparted in individuals through good education therefore, education cannot be a necessity for better life. Good education is considered as a thirdhand factor in achieving success and prosp

Leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Essay

leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Twentieth Century - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that even though Adolf Hitler, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Vissarrionovich Stalin and Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill buy the farm to different nations, and cultures, one of the common elements seen in the behaviors of these people was their leadership skills or man management power. In fact, people adorned these leaders very(prenominal) much and were ready to do anything instructed by these leaders. In opposite words, people had blind faith in the abilities of these great leaders. Even though Hitler and Stalin were popular in their countries alone, Churchill and Roosevelt were very much popular all over the world. Stalin and Hitler worked only for the wellbeing of their people whereas Roosevelt and Churchill worked for the wellbeing of the global community, In other words, Hitler and Stalin were regional leaders whereas Roosevelt and Churchill wer e global leaders. The ability to solve problems in crises was the major element of law of similarity in the leadership of these four great personalities of the twentieth century. Adolf Hitler, a politician of Austrian German, became boss of Nazi party in 1921 and being appointed the position of Germany Chancellor in 1933. In 1934, Hitler has assumed the plaza of German leader. During the Second World War, he was additionally appointed as Supreme Commander of German Armed Force. He was widely accepted as the main trigger of the Second World War.A ornament veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919 and became the leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup detat known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Brgerbrukeller beer mansion house in Munich on November 89, 1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, My Struggle (in German Mein Kampf), darn imprisoned. After his release on D ecember 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

GIS analysis of access to greenspace Literature review

GIS analysis of inlet to squirtspace - belles-lettres review ExampleCultural and historic resources also form part of green space in some cultures. Green space plays a vital role in the nations decorate encompassing among others, development digits, economy, culture and the well-being of the populace (Van Herzele 2003, p. 111). In addition, green space is crucial as it absorbs and expels pollutants from the environment, by acting as an urban heat sink thereby protecting urban biodiversity. As agricultural pressures on drink down increase through greater demands for land, green spaces are slowly congruous depleted (Forman 2005, p. 38). However, as development becomes a key priority, more land that was previously set aside for agricultural purposes is being developed into residential or institution areas (Van 2007, p. 18). This has led to scarcity of green space, and access to the available few is hampered by the hazard of development. Access to green space is of paramount imp ortance because of the queer contribution of green spaces to the quality of life. For instance, green spaces allow for relaxation, way from the daily stresses of urban life much(prenominal) as hectic work schedules and traffic. Moreover, green spaces offer immense recreational opportunities like individual apply and organised sports. Spending time in urban green spaces offers reprieve to urban dwellers. However, because of increasing urbanisation and access to green space and spatial planning policies with regard to densification, more urban dwellers face the prospect of living in areas with few or no green space resources. Governments and individual municipalities set up clear guidelines for access to green space (Smith, Poulos and Kim 2002, p. 123). The Green Belt is a policy for managing urban proceeds in the UK. The policy guidelines provide concise guidelines on urban planning, which entail allocation of specific areas to urban green spaces. The Town and County Planning Act established in 1947 allows local authorities in UK mucipalities to accommodate guidelines of the green belt in their development plans. The two acts are appreciative of the need to protect land areas designated as urban green spaces. GIS provides an environment for analysing handiness to green space and for modelling the impacts of potential changes to green space provision and their subsequent impacts (Liu and Zhu 2004, p. 119). GIS analysis can be used to assess the accessibility of urban green spaces by selecting and quantifying factors that happen upon green space and constructing functions to desexualise the accessibility indicator (Ai) (Comber 2009, p. 109). A state of affairs imagery of an urban environment provides sufficient data used to determine green space accessibility dwellers. The earlier mentioned state and county guidelines allow for division of land portions into regular grids of at least 500 meters to determine the capacity and chance of area inhabitants acc essing green spaces within the area. For each green space viewed in the sense of touch imagery, the resistance factors for each grid of land accessing the green space are calculated. Resistance factors refer to aspects that affect or limit access to green space. These factors include attraction to green space, population distribution, traffic patterns and pattern of land use in the area (Ritsema and De 2003, p. 84). The entire urban green space

Realism cannot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since Essay

Realism laughingstocknot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since spectators see nothing but their own flickering ideologies in - Essay ExampleIn everyday life, people tend to supply the images they see as per their own understanding of them, that may or may not be rational. disregarding of whatever the reality is, people see nothing more than their individualistic beliefs and ideologies in all what is displayed on the screen as rightly depicted by Robert Stam. This paper aims at analyzing this conception. Ideology influenced interpretation of images Images are all around us. They include both images that are made by us and reflect our apprehension and others, which are made by others and are displayed commercially as art for us to perceive. Image, as the have-to doe with indicates, is a stageation of some other entity. Thus, images stand for other things so as to reflect their immanent traits, without them having to appear before the public. This is same as the co ncept of symbolization, which forms a fundamental part of intercommunication between both or more individuals. Symbols let us communicate with one another in our daily lives. Thus, we can exchange concepts and the idea of an individual protrudes in the minds of all members of the society, though its acknowledgement varies from individual to individual. Symbols or images guard humanistic ideologies in the virtual world and act like delegates. In daily language, the word I is used to symbolize the self of all the individuals that communicate with one another. Likewise, one individuals body-image in a picture symbolizes that individual not only for others but also for his/her own self. Ideology lays cornerstone for the mien people understand the world in which they live and their perception of the ideal life in the world (Christensen). Ideology surfaces as a result of its link with the communicative processes. Ideology involves the reproduction of the actual relations of productio n (those activities by which a society guarantees its own survival) (Ideology And The Image). Ideology serves as a labour that tends to control people and limit them to specific places within the exchange and communicative processes. Ideology gains its definition from the way the collection of social relations is exchanged among the individuals. A society portrays its impression upon the whole world by the ideologies. Societies get acknowledged in the world through their images that are influenced by the underlying ideologies. The way ideologies represent us in the social circle limit our actions and behaviors. Peoples actions have to necessarily keep up with their ideologies so that there remains a consistency of views and impressions, and they are dealt with by the society accordingly. Ideologies limit the style of people within certain limits both physically and mentally. Our social actions are depicted by the exceptional spaces that are defined by our ideologies to move in. Ideology allows people to form the basis of their beliefs and perceptions on them. We ascertain images and interpret them as per our own perception. The interconnection of image and ideology also lays basis for the relationship of consciousness and social existence. In the society that we live, every individual holds his/her own opinion that is significantly unique and diametrical from the opinions of other people. This is evident from the large volume of debates on every subject that we happen to hear in our daily life. Every matter is so debatable that people do not easily wonder legislation

The Abyssinian crisis led to the failure of the League of Nations Essay

The Abyssinian crisis led to the failure of the group discussion of Nations - Essay ExampleThis organization is commonly known as the federation of Nations, which is the predecessor of the United Nations. The federation of Nations was categorical that members must maintain peace among themselves and with other countries in the world. How ever, in 1935, one League member, Italy, attacked some other member, Abyssinia. There were clear signs that Italy would attack Abyssinia but nothing was done by the League of Nations to prevent the attack. It seemed wish well the League was biased towards countries which led to that attack and several others that eventually led to the fall of the League of Nations. The nonstarter of the League of Nations to solve the Italy and Abyssinian crisis discredited the League significantly and is probably one of the reasons the League of Nations failed in the attendant years. The League of Nations When the World War One finally came to an end in Novembe r 1918, many people in the world did not want to experience or have their future generations experience the horrors of war ever again. Leaders from Europe, United States and other world countries met in France in 1919 to come up with an organization that would caution the world from wars. The main working principles of the League of Nations were disarmament of the countries and provide security to the League members like an alliance. infra these terms and conditions, no League member would attack another League member. In the case of disputes among the members of the League, democratic process would be used to solve the dispute amicably under the oversight of the other members of the League of Nations. Events Leading to Italy-Abyssinia Crisis of1935 Italy was one of the most powerful countries immediately after the World War One. Benito Mussolini, the Italian rash Minister of the time envisioned a large Italian empire that would be ruled by him. In this case, he was looking for regions to expand the Italian invasion to. The large empire would provide the practically required material for the Italian industries and Military as well as provide regions for expanding population to prove in. A large empire would withal play an important role in instilling guinea pig pride and prestige. In fact, Winston Churchill had lamented that countries that were dependent on many war commodities like Italy would consider getting unrestrained imports (Florian 7). Italy also felt left behind by its European peers in the scramble for Africa in oddly the Easy African region. The country has possessions in East Africa were not resourceful as its peers and valued to expand. It is also claimed that the Battle of Adowa, in which Italian forces were defeated by Abyssinian troops was of great shame and Mussolini wanted to revenge the attack. In fact, it is thought that he was looking for reasons to regain glory by defeating Abyssinia (Mendum and Waugh 19). A German official w as quoted saying that Mussolini was not moving his troops in Africa back to Italy without glory. There were Italian troops in Somalia and Libya at the time (Kelly and Lacey 78). An opportunity for Benito Mussolini to do exactly what he was waiting for arose in declination 1934 during the Wal Wal dispute. It is claimed that on 22nd November 1934, Ethiopian troops arrived at the Wal Wal gird and demanded that the Somali-Italian troops there to withdraw from the fort as it was in Ethiopia. The head of the fort refused but the Ethiopian troops persisted for the following days. Tensions were high and betwixt 5th and 7th December 1934, there were collisions between Ethiopians and Italians and Somalis. None of the two parties involved in the mishap claimed responsibility. The Italian government demanded that the

Child family relationships in Praise Essay Example for Free

Child family relationships in flattery EssayThe connection between family members is bond as strong as Titanium and flexible as elastic, in fact many different poets represent their thoughts and emotions through their meters. Here, we are bestowed with two poems that are an purity to the parents of two poets, by Grace Nichols, and Stephen Spender, with their poems Praise song for my mother and Childhood.The two poems contain a heavily nostalgic tone throughout the poems, through the use of this I have established that the poets are attempting to elapse their memories through the poems. Spender, though he titled the Poem My Parents has little obvious relation to the poem at face value other than the starting sentence of the prime(prenominal) stanza My parents kept me from children who were rough where he closely has connotations of blaming them for separation from what they thought were lesser citizens, he tends to refer to the childhood he lived as a teenage boy who was bullied on his way to and from school. However when one delves deeper into the poem and attempts to read between the lines the reader merchantman pick up a tone of blame, a tone of resentment and a tinge of griefIt would seem as though Spender, through his writing, is revealing his resentment towards his parents for isolating him from his peers, sheltering him from the real world and cosmos overprotective Maybe even snobbish as the poem also hints at the child being of a higher class than the rough children.However in the poem Childhood the poet is not referring to his parents, only an Aunt of his own it seems that Cornford is trying to portray the ignorance of his youth when he says in the opening line of the first stanza I used to think that grown-up people as grown-up is not a term used by one who is of middle age or in their teenage years.The poet doesnt seem to have that close a relationship with his great-aunt Etty by the way he described the elderly throughout the poem previous veins like small fat snakes . The poem also shows how the boy matures in age, by the end of the poem the reader can recognise that the poet now fully understands the process of age with the quote I knew that she was helplessly old. As I was helplessly materialisation.My Parents, once you dig deep shows both how the parenting of middle class children could a great deal lead to bullying as they planted the insinuation that the lower class children where not respectable or real people in a sense of dignity. The poet shows this through animal imagery ran in the street, feared more than than tigers, they sprang out and finally Like dogs to bark at my world. It also shows that the author deep in his oculus admired these boys for their carelessness and meshing with the world around them rather than himself who avoids much(prenominal) things, this is shown by the quote I longed to forgive them (which could also relate to his parents) but they never smiled.Childhood is a lot more primary in its message, that being that the ignorance of youth often leads to their life being wasted on trivial things what is quite an surprising is how the author has used the flow of the poem to demonstrate the movement of time itself, by the time he has reached the end of the poem he had realised the facts of life, in that way he had matured from the puerile ignorance that was portrayed in the initial stages of the poem.To state the obvious both poems have fewer similarities compared to other such poems, however both do relate to family and the young author or character attempting to get a grasp on the situation at hand whether it be why his parents are turning him into an seeming introvert to those at school which leads to bullying of him or the mystery of old age to a young child.

Managerial Accounting Case Essay Example for Free

managerial Accounting Case EssayIn the Seligram case, the existing be accounting system measured dickens components of greet rule labor and lading. solely tear terms, which is the overhead, was grouped into a single cost mob and was calculated only by using a onus rate per direct labor dollar. This whitethorn cause problems since direct labor and overhead be not consumed by the products in the same proportion. plain using the same lode rate is obsolescent. First of all, direct labor hours per lot tested had been steadily declining, especially with the increase of dependence on vendor certification. This will result in the change of the burden rate. Besides, this system distorts the price to some extent, making the price for complex parts cheaper while price for principal(a) testing higher(prenominal) comp ard with price for outside services. What is much, the consequences brought from the introduction of high -technology components would decrease the direct labo r hour. All of this was trending to higher burden rates and overall higher rates. Cost allocation ground on menstruum burden rate of 145% is calculated within the Exhibit1.Having noticed of the problems of the existing system, the accounting manager proposed a two-burden-pool method to allocate the burden cost. Under the two-burden-pool method, burden cost has been divided into two pools one is the burden cost related to the administrative and technical functions and the other is test related burden. The former is calculated based on direct labor dollar, the latter one is calculated by using machine hours. This method takes other factors that cause the burden into account, which makes the cost allocation to a greater extent accurate than the existing method. The result of two-burden-pool is as the follows.The consultant proposed a more detailed cost allocation method, i.e. separate burden centers from apiece of each test room and common technical and administrative pool so that a three-burden-pool is formed. Under this method, burden cost in test rooms would be allocated on a machine-hour basis, and technical and administrative be would continue to be charged on a rate per direct labor dollar. This method is more accurate in allocating the burden cost by providing a cost of each product or job.Through this way, ETO could differentiate client and product and calculate the cost more accurately from direct data such as the machine hour to product a certain product, so that they need not to guess the real cost of that product by allocating cost according to estimation. Besides, due the process of automatic, direct labor dollar amount alone could not reflect the real picture of burden cost as before. So it is necessary to take other related factor into account when allocating burden cost and more detailed analysis of the allocation basis is needed. The allocation result of three-burden-pool is listed belowSince the three-burden-pool system is nigh accurate in allocating burden cost among those three methods, it is preferable. However, it does not mean the three-burden-pool system is perfect. Because this system provides more accurate and detailed information of the production process, it will cost more than the other two methods. In addition, the redesign of the three-burden-pool system could be expensive too due to the complexity of the system. In order to remediate this system, ETO needs to pay attention of the relationship of cost and benefit. Besides, ETO could set up a system that is lento and effective to perform to save the cost of implicating three-burden-pool.Besides the consideration of proposed cost allocation methods, Seligram should also tog the new equipment into an appropriate cost pool which indicates a more original estimation. Assuming that new equipment has a separate cost center, all variable cost, fixed cost and depreciation will be report separately. The burden rate is only based on the machine hours of new e quipment which are 400hr (Year1) and 2400hr (Year2-8). Additionally, we use Double-decline method for depreciation. Balance is shown in Exhibit4. The separate burden rate for Year 1 would be much higher than those in the following years due to set up costs (Exhibit 5). Burden rates combine with main testing room are calculated in Exhibit 6.All combined burden rates are much lower than the separate costing rates. We recommend choosing a separate cost center for new equipment, even though the rates are much higher. Due to the current mail service that lower costs for more complex components, which is abnormal, separate method would reflect more accurate and reliable costs of new imported machines. Obviously, combined method would influence the presentation of true costs. The costs are reduced by other factors in main testing room. Higher burden rates are more reasonable that these new machines have higher cost in essence and also they are just for testing components from several spe cific clients. Higher burden rates are more accurate.

Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India Essay Example for Free

Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India EssayOutsourcing or Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) to countries belong to the create classification is the present trend. The establishment of outsourcing as an essential component in the world economy is a result of explosive growth of internet, development of the instruction society, and globalization. The outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) emerged during the time of the let down of every corner of the world macrocosm brought together by the internet and the national barriers of countries all all over the globe were brought down by globalization(Ghimire, 2005). In information technology manufacturing, outsourcing to developing countries is the latest strategy of companies from actual countries mainly as a cost-cutting mechanism. Outsourcing now is not merely other firms handling operations and function of other companies but rather it has crossed the national borders. Parts of the IT aspects or the whole business fun ctions atomic number 18 now executed and managed by different companies in developing countries like India, Brazil, China, Israel, and Philippines.These developing countries have companies which give to the needs of big companies in developed countries. Outsourcing to other countries is thus the provision of services like those associated with information technology by companies of developing countries to sustain the needs of the companies which are in developed countries. The primary campaign force of big companies in developing countries employing outsourcing in developing countries are higher efficiency, better flavor of services, and cheaper labor cost(Nag, 2004). The growth of the information technology welkin of India has been unparalleled since the liberation of the Indian Telecom sector in 1994. The progression of India as a global outsourcing supplier is continuous since then. Today, this country is the primary outsourcing provider in the world, holding the 44% of glo bal outsourcing market in back-office services and software. At the end of 2005 the revenues generated by the outsourcing in this country is 17.2 US dollars and hired direct employment of 1.05 million concourse and hired validatory employees which sums up to 2.5 hatful. These indirectly hired employees are associated with the catering and transport business(Pradhan, 2005). Positive and negative impacts to the people of India peculiarly on the campaigners of the outsourcing provider companies are brought about by this new trend. The most significant impact of outsourcing in developing countries like India is on its economy and its employment rate. Numerous numbers of individuals are given the opportunity to work for a living by the outsourcing processes. The outsourcing of the information technology (IT) to India increased the employment rate with 100,000 people being hired annually. Though the salary of those people working in an outsourcing provider from a developing country is lower than those of their developed country counterparts, these salaries are already slightly higher in telling to the rates in their developing country(Nag, 2004). The development of new infrastructures in developing countries like India is another affirmative impact of the business operations outsourcing. Aside from this, outsourcing overly brought about the transmittance of ideas and technology to developing countries regarding versatile aspects of the business industry like manufacturing and agriculture. Guidance in communications from business-to-business and e-commerce applications information provision regarding marketing and prices and tape transport of knowledge on services processing operations are among the specific benefits acquired by developing countries through outsourcing(Nag, 2004). The primary component of Indias outsourcing industry is the cry (out) nucleuss which are providers of information and telecommunication technology-based off border services. T he progression of the call center industry in India brought about changes in the culture and society of this nation. India which is a gray society is now faced with the issue of social, cultural, and economic women empowerment because the call center industry prefers to hire women.These women call center agents acquired financial independence hence their outlook, career choice, and attitude changed from being subordinates of the patriarchal society into women capable of being independent and asserting themselves in their society and families. Despite women though being independent financially their social status in the society is not much changed because their work is considered inferiorly reward due to the night working hours(Pradhan, 2005). The call centers serve as avenue for the Indian call center agents to understand the culture, customs, and accent of the West through the costumers which they provide services. These Indian call center agents are withal exposed to diverse cu lture of the people that they work with because foreigners also come to India and work as call center agents. The outsourcing thus also serves as a medium for the Indian people especially the offspring who are working as call center agents to interact with foreigners of different languages and culture(Pradhan, 2005). Though outsourcing provides positive impacts to the people in India, it also goes along with its negative attributes. Some call center agents due to the pressures in their work and night working hours undergo panic attacks, stress, relationship troubles, depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, and relatively no social life. Mental, psychological, and wellness disorders are also observed in outsourcing companies due to the desire of the worker to cope with the challenges in their work.The workers of these outsourcing provider companies are subjected to racial and cultural discrimination by people of the developed countries which they service. The nature of the working hours of these outsourcing workers also brought about social division wherein the working class youth are alienated with their peers because they are not able to socialize with them(Pradhan, 2005). Change like the development of Indias business industry through outsourcing scorn having various benefits also comes with diverse disadvantages. The government which benefits from the revenues and taxes which are generated through the outsourcing industry needs to have programs to help oneself the employees of this work force be able to cope up with the challenges they encounter. In general, outsourcing brought about boost in the economy of India and is strengthening the value of rupee against the US dollar.ReferencesGhimire, B. (2005). IT Job Outsourcing. Ubiquity Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i31_bhumika.htmlNag, B. (2004). BUSINESS put to work OUTSOURCING IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS. Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives.Pradhan, J. P. a. V. A. (20 05). Social and Cultural Impact of Outsourcing Emerging Issues from Indian Call Centers. Harvard Asia Quarterly, from http//www.asiaquarterly.com/ confine/view/155/

Advice on feeding children for parents with concerns about their own eating Essay Example for Free

Advice on feeding children for p atomic number 18nts with concerns about their get consume EssayMany parents have concerns about their own eliminateing and worry about the impact that this whitethorn have on feeding their children and on their childrens healthy development. What follows below is some advice about how outperform to manage feeding children for parents or caregivers with their own concerns about eating. A role model for children1 ? Children copy the behaviours of others. Your children depart pick up eating behaviours exhibited by parents, siblings, other family members and friends so try to be a appointed role model for your child by eating and enjoying regular meals with them if possible. Give children child-sized portions ? For parents who are limiting their own calorie intake or portion size, they whitethorn lose sight of what is an appropriate portion for their ontogenesis child. It is important to give children suitable portions, rather than those that ar e too large or too small. counselling on portion size endure be found here http//www. nhs. uk/change4life/Documents/pdf/Step_By_Step_Me_Size_Meals. pdf or here http//www. nhs. uk/change4life/pages/kids-portion-size-tips. aspx.?As a general rule, a portion of harvest-home or vegetables is the analogous size as a persons palm. So, a child-size portion of peas on a dinner plate should be the same size as your childs palm. Offer a healthy, balanced diet ? Children and adults need a nutritious, balanced diet for optimal development and health. Try to ensure that you are giving your children meals that include fruit and vegetables starchy nutritions (e. g. , rice, pasta, bread, potatoes) meat, fish, eggs and beans milk and dairy foods and moderate amounts of food containing fat and sugar (see here http//www.nhs.k/Livewell/Goodfood/Documents/Eatwellplate. pdf). ? acceptt cut food groups out of your childs diet (unless they have an allergy / intolerance) and do try to offer a variety o f foods across mealtimes. ? Ensure that children have three meals a day, as well as healthy snacks. Research suggests that breakfast is particularly important for school children as it provides them with energy required for the day. Listen to your child ? Children are good regulators of their own levels of hunger and fullness. They will tell you when they are hungry and full.If they are often still hungry 20 minutes after finishing their meal, it may be that the portion size is too small for them. Try not to be too controlling2-5 ? Parents may feel that their child needs to eat all the food on their plate in suppose to be healthy. Avoid pressuring or forcing your child to eat more than he/she wishes. Pressuring children to eat food can result in the food becoming less liked and children eating less of that food. If your child tells you he/she is full, they probably are. ?Try not to overly restrict your childs access to (unhealthy) foods. Limiting childrens intake of foods can uni ntentionally make these foods seem more desirable and children may then eat more of these foods if given free access to them (e. g. , at parties). ?Everything in moderation. Keeping track of what your child take is good parenting and ensuring that your child eats a balanced diet is encouraged. However, it is important to offer your child a balance of foods from all the food groups to ensure healthy growth and development. Above all remember that food is a fuel. Your child requires a healthy, balanced diet and regular meals and snacks in order to grow and reside healthy.

300 Weapons and Strategies Essay Example for Free

300 Weapons and Strategies EssayThe impression 300 is an action movie that takes place in 480 B. C near Greece. It is about the famous betrothal of Thermopylae that mainly involved both the Iranians and the ascetics. The Persian military, led by a king named Xerxes, is in the process of taking oer several Hellenic states in Greece. When Xerxes arrives at Sparta to strike a turn to with superpower Leonidas (Spartan Army Leader) that he depart have power over either of Greece if he will bow down to King Xerxes, Leonidas responds with retaliation against the Persians. King Leonidas assembles 300 of his toughest Spartan soldiers to take on the Persian army at the passage way of Thermopylae.Although severely outnumbered against Persias hundreds of thousands of work force, King Leonidas and the Spartans hold off thousands of Persians from entryway the passage for a few days. Persian King Xerxes lead a Army of well over 100,000. (IMBD) With Leonidas in battle, back at Sparta, Queen Gorgo( Queen of Sparta)desperately tries to persuade council to send more back up to Thermopylae to help King Leonidas. Unfortunately, the Spartans were betrayed by a recently rejected Spartan tryout named Ephialtes, who decides to recompense back King Leonidas for his rejection.Ephialtes ultimately destroyed any chances of Sparta defeating Persia by informing Xerxes about an unknown incomprehensible Goat Passage that would lead Persia to the backs of the Spartan soldiers. Xerxes and the Persian army soon defeat Sparta besides all in good name. Due to the motivation and courage of the 300 soldiers, they inspired all of Greece to go against Persia and fight. fragmentize 2 After watching the movie, it is clear that most of the war tactics and strategies are very complete to the echt real life battle that we knew.According to 300 Spartans, This unit was produced of 300 Spartiati Warriors who were held in their highest approve by their fellow citizens in Sparta. (300 Spar tans) So due to Spartas vastly outnumbered army size, military rewrite was a study factor when battling. Not only was the order and position of their army an effective dodging, but it also helped favor Sparta and gave a competitive advantage when battling enemies who didnt have such order. This was a major contribution to why King Leonidas wanted to battle at Thermopylae, also known as springy Gates.This was a tiny field of battle that made it favorable for baseborn forces. The pass of Thermopylae consisted of lead gates where the land narrowed in a favorable position foe a smaller army. The East and West Gates were extremely narrow, however, the Middle Gate while a little wider than the some other gates is where the Greek warriors set up their defensive positions. (Spartan Warriors) King Leonidas spent a great ken of time focusing specifically on the training of his soldiers so they could be properly ready for battle.As shown in the movie, his definings for battle highl y impacted what the outcome of the war would be. A repetitive battle formation aimd with Sparta was called the military. The Phalanx is a formation that lined up a small group of men pushing on the backs of the man in crusade with their shields giving no room for an enemy to case by and eventually overcome them. Now in actual rubbish, it was a big shoving match with the front lines pushing against the enemy and each subsequent line pushing against the back of the men in front. (Military History)This was through with(p) by working his way into fighting in a narrow closed off area in hopes of entangling enemies and causing unexpected chaos. This would ensure the full potential of his warriors against Persia. Since Leonidas army was so well trained, they had no problem defeating Persian soldiers head to head. So to enhance battling conditions for Sparta, going between mountains, leaving only a small pathway for minimal enemies to get through at a time was standard and a critical way to fight for the best outcome.Now in the movie there is a small scene that shows Spartan soldiers dispersed and fighting one on one with several enemies. This was not an actual occurrence with Spartans beca workout separating would have engulfed themselves with the multitudes of enemies that surrounded them. In the movie it is not entirely depicted correctly as even mentioned by, allexperts. com, In actual combat, if the fighting broke down into man on man melee like shown in the movie, the Spartans would be easily overcome. (Military History/Spartan Battle Tactics)Another important strategy for Sparta during battle was incorporating suitable terrain for their benefit. The rugged terrain isolated groups and made the use of chariots and cavalry very difficult. (Spartan Military) In reality this only seems to make sense but even in the movie there is a scene where Spartan soldiers are pushing enemy troops off a seaside cliff, therefrom incorporating the use of a rough terrain to their advantage. The movie 300 was very accurate in displaying these strategies several quantify exactly how they are described to be used in real life by the Spartans.King Leonidas stands his troops in the center of two mountains with a strong line of soldiers close together for support. With the soldiers in perfect Phalanx order, they could simply replace one another in an instant if a soldier ahead died. Perhaps a crucial reason for the use of the Phalanx order in Spartans memorial and even in the movie, is because back in these ages war was usually fought almost chaotic. Never before has an army seen this kind of developed order on the battlefield which took them by surprise and gave Sparta a huge advantage.Although the Phalanx and the rough terrain were similar in comparison to the movie and actual Sparta history, that can not be unavoidably said the same about the weapons used. In ancient history, the Spartans weapons have consisted of a large unwieldy ray called a Dory . This was typically aimed out over their large eight-foot hoplite shield, called an Aspis. This was followed by a chest plate and a solid helmet. plane though the Aspis and the spear were displayed correctly within the movie, a major contrariety distinguished with the wielded sword.Within the movie is a surplus of swords either called the Spatha or the Kopis. These were typically larger and had a more dangerous appearance to them than the original Lakonian sword. This sword that was actually used in real Spartan history fighting looked almost like a dagger. The reason the Spartans shortened their sword was just that. It was easier to use in tight confines of the Phalanx and the press of men. (Spartan Military) But this makes sense due to the fighting strategies used by them.Not only was the weapons slightly off in the movie, but also the use of them is depicted false. When the small Lakonian sword was used, it would have only been used to stab when an enemy went for a slash. In 300, there are several scenes showing Spartans slashing and hacking Persians which is incorrect. All in all, the movie 300 is a somewhat spot on movie with how actual Spartan military forces used weapons and battle strategies. Even with a couple obvious differences, one could argue their similarities.

Analsysis of the Hero by Siegfried Sassoon Essay Example for Free

Analsysis of the wedge by Siegfried Sassoon EssayAnalysis- The Hero Brief Summary of Content-In the Poem The Hero Sassoon has presented the hardships that a soldier goes through in the war through the use of the soldiers shoemakers last. He also shows the pain of the families left behind by showing the mothers pain afterward she finds let out that her son as died on the battle fields. The first stanza is introducing the mother at the moment that she finds out her son has died. The mother reads a letter that a Colonel wrote for her and she hides her true feelings round her sons death because she believes that if she is upset she will dishonour his memory. In the second stanza the brother policeman is introduced and he has lied to the mother about how her son had died. The brother officer is patronising to the mother in this stanza because he lies straight to her scene about how her son had died and he is doing it so she would not suffer anymore. In the last stanza the brother officer is remembering how Jack had behaved in his last days. The brother officer portrays Jack as being a coward in his last days on the battlefields and this contradicts what he told the mother.The last stanza also shows that Jack tried to desexualize home because of the hardships of war but died before he could. The last stanza also shows that no one cares about what happened to Jack except his mother the Lonely woman with white hair. Themes and Issues raised in poem- Sassoon has include realistic issues in his poem The Hero. He clearly portrays the death, and pain associated with war. He also shows the business associated with fighting through Jacks attitude in the poem.

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies EssayThe definition of an legend is a symbolic expression of meaning in story ( public English Dictionary). In the novel, The Lord of the Flies, pen by William Golding, is about a group of young British boys who get stranded on an island and arouse to survive themselves with no help from the foreign world. This novel can be viewed as an allegory in three different ways, first as a political allegory, next as a mental allegory and finally as a religious allegory. The Lord of the Flies can first be viewed as a political allegory. This is in comparison to World War II. At this time the world was divided into parts, the free world and the Soviet Union. In this novel it is just like how the island divided into 2 groups, Jacks group and Ralphs group. After the Cold War, the world was in fear of a nuclear destruction of the world. In The Lord of the Flies the world is also in fear of append destruction. In conclusion this novel could be used to compare wars or po litical separation with the outside world beyond the island the young British boys on.Second, this novel is a psychological allegory. Different characters were used to gift the different parts of the human psyche. Jack is used to represent the id, Piggy the superego and Ralph is the ego. As the id, Jack work to create his natural instinct. While Piggy, representing the superego, tries to control Jacks impulsive behavior his control back fires. passim the story, Piggy tries to keep peace between Jack and Ralph.Lastly, The Lord of the Flies, can be viewed as a religious allegory representing the Garden of Eden. The island was a perfectly livable island. It had food, warm weather, and a source of water. The snake in the grass in the Garden that lures Adam and Eve to eat the apple is just like the beastie who tricks the other boys to do what they arent supposed to do. While Piggy, his death, and the parachutist represent the fall mankind. Plus, Simon is kind of like a deliverer figur e who sacrifices himself to save the others.In conclusion, the book The Lord of the Flies is jam-packed with allegories. Whether its a political, psychological or religious allegory, the novel has far too many of examples to name them all.

Bernie Madoff Essay Example for Free

Bernie Madoff EssayThe things I impart be talking about are the directions they examined the financial events surrounding Bernie Maddoff, and the events surrounding Enron. Also they way that Enron dealt with the consequences and implications for the lack of code of ethics. The financial events that were surrounding Bernie Maddoff where that the financial world begins this week still in a daze over the spectacular collapse of an eithereged Ponzi scheme by onetime Wall bridle-path legend Bernard Madoff mayhap the biggest swindle ever committed by a single person. Its a stunning fraud that appears to be of epic proportions, Andrew Calamari of the Securities and Exchange Commissions impertinently York Regional Office verbalize in a statement after the FBI arrested Madoff last week. Its unclear how many institutions and individuals will suffer from losses that national authorities say Madoff privately pegged at $50 billion. The reason that he had easy assess to all of this was because he knew the system from being the chairman of Nasdaq from 1990-1991 and 1993.Another one was the officials allege that Madoff falsified reports from a secretive bills management service that he owned run separately from his main stock transaction mansion to make it appear to be more successful than it was. Madoff allegedly kept it going by victorious cash from unwitting new investors to pay up customers who wanted to redeem their holdings. In a January SEC filing, Madoff said he managed $17. 1 billion in assets for 23 clients.But potential victims could number in the hundreds and possibly thousands and include major banks, hedge funds, charities and pension funds. Responding to an SEC lawsuit, on Friday, U. S. District Judge Louis Stanton in New York froze the assets and accounts of Madoffs investment business and appointed Lee Richards, an attorney at Richards Kibbe Orbe, as receiver. Madoffs lawyers have denied the charges but did not return calls for comment.Ma doff was released after posting $10 gazillion in bail. He faces up to $5 million in fines and up to 20 years in jail if convicted. The SEC and U. S. Attorneys office say their investigating is continuing and declined to comment. Madoff got himself in trouble by using money he did not have to pay off customers from all the new invertors. Then after a while New York realized what he was doing so they arrested him for what he was doing because it was not ethical at all.

Youngs and technologies Essay Example for Free

spring chickens and technologies EssayThe teenagers of today, eve the twentysomethings, harbort known a life without technology. Its been an integral sectionalisation of their existence, in many cases for the altogether of their lives. Theyve taken to it like ducks to water when their parents have struggled simply learning how to programme a VCR. But when something is part of your environment from an early age, youre bound to adapt to it and contract it as a perfectly essential part of your life. Thats what the young have done with new technology young people smelling perfectly comfortable with it. You might not view everything your mobile phone can do, even subsequently reading the manual, but the chances are a teen can figure it out without the book in under an hour. engineering is a normal facet in their lives, and theyre fearless about push button buttons and experimenting. Where older people fear theyll either break something or change the settings beyond repair, the young understand that everything can be put back the way it was quite easily. Technology doesnt scare them.Young People And New TechnologyHow do most young people spend much of their disembarrass time? On their computers or their mobiles. Theyre essential communication and information tools for them. Theyve grown up with computers in schools, and often had mobiles since their early teens or before, so theyre almost extensions of their bodies and lives. So apiece new maintain is exactly a small step forward for them, something that analyzems logical. Instead of going out to buy a CD, its far easier simply to download the tracks you want and nothing more. The Internet means convenience. They can canalize those tracks to an iPod or portable media player. Not just medicinal drug, but video, too, to carry their entertainment with them.It makes perfect sense to them, just as a video-sharing site does, or using a video game console. They master these things effortlessly, as if theyve been programmed how to know what to do and growing up with technology, they have, in a way. But what they love above else, possibly surprisingly, are their phones. They upgrade to the newest handsets, eager for new technology, and use it, using them for instant messaging, social networking, as music libraries, for the Internet on the go, even to watch TV in some cases.The Young And Advances In TechnologyThe advances in technology for consumers arent necessarily aimed at youngpeople, but they tend to be the ones who embrace them first. If its something new and better (and affordable) they want it. For them, the whole of technology can seem like a giant playground, with its devices like toys to be explored and enjoyed. Theyre enthusiastic about technology, even if they dont illuminate it. Its why they want the new video game with great graphics, the latest console even if they already have others. Its not greed as much as curiosity, want to see whats out there and play with it. The young and new technology is the perfect combination. As each new generation comes along, used to more advances, that will be even more the case.

Water Erosion Rates Essay Example for Free

Water Erosion rank EssayA infixed arch produced by the corroding of differenti eachy weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz, Jordan Erosion is the figure out by which soil and rock atomic number 18 removed from the Earths resurrect by natural processes such(prenominal) as envelop or wet lam, and then transported and deposited in another(prenominal) locations. While wearing by is a natural process, human activities make pissing dramatically increased (by 10-40 times) the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. undue erosion ca wasting diseases problems such as desertification, decreases in agricultural productivity due to land degradation, sedimentation of waterways, and bionomic collapse due to loss of the nutrient rich upper soil layers. Water and crest erosion are now the two primary causes of land degradation combined, they are responsible for 84% of adulterate acreage, making excessive erosion one of the most significant global env squeezemental problems we fac e today.12 industrial agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regards to their effect on stimulating erosion.3 However, there are many available alternative land use practices that can curtail or limit erosionsuch as terrace-building, no-till agriculture, and revegetation of denuded soils.Frost weatheringFrom Wikipedia, the resign encyclopedia(Redirected from Frost action)Aly by mechanical frost weathering or thermal stressFrost weathering is a collective call for some(prenominal) mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. Frost weathering is mainly bringn by the freq uency and ecstasy of freeze-thaw cycles and the properties of the materials subject to weathering. It is most sound out in blue altitude and latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime and polar climates but occurs wherever freeze-thaw cycles are present. * When water freezes to ice, its volume increases by nine percent. Under specific circumstances, this magnification is able to displace or fracture rock. At a temperature of -22 C, ice growth is known to be able to generate hauls of up to 207MPa, much than than enough to fracture any rock.12 For frost weathering to occur by volumetric expansion, the rock must(prenominal) suck in almost no air that can be compressed to compensate for the expansion of ice, which bureau it has to be water- double-dyed(a) and frozen quickly from all sides so that the water does not migrate away and the pressure is exerted on the rock.1 These conditions are considered unusual,1 restricting it to a pr ocess of importance within a few centimeters of a rocks surface and on outstandingr existing water-filled joints in a process called ice wedging. Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen.When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected pores or large hydraulic gradients in the rock. If there are small pores, a genuinely quick freezing of water in parts of the rock may expel water, and if the water is expelled smart than it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock. Since research in physical weathering begun around 1900, volumetric expansion was, until the 1980s, held to be the predominant process behind frost weathering.3 This view was challenged in 1985 and 1986 publications by Walder and Hallet.13 Nowadays researchers such as Matsuoka and Murton consider the cond itions necessary for Biological weatheringA number of embeds and animals may create chemical substance weathering through produce of stingingic compounds, i.e. moss on roofs is classed as weathering. Mineral weathering can too be initiated and/or accelerated by soil microorganisms. Lichens on rocks are thought to increase chemical weathering range. For example, an experimental study on hornblende granite in New Jersey, USA, demonstrated a 3x 4x increase in weathering rate under lichen covered surfaces compared to recently assailable bare rock surfaces.7The most common forms of biological weathering are the release of chelating compounds (i.e. organic acids, siderophores) and of acidifying molecules (i.e. protons, organic acids) by plants so as to break down aluminium and iron containing compounds in the soils beneath them. Decaying remains of unfounded plants in soil may form organic acids which, when dissolved in water, cause chemical weathering.citation needed primitive r elease of chelating compounds can easily affect surrounding rocks and soils, and may lead to podsolisation of soils. The symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi associated with tree root systems can release inorganic nutrients from minerals such as apatite or biotite and transfer these nutrients to the trees, thus bestow to tree nutrition.8It was also recently evidenced that bacterial communities can impact mineral stability starring(p) to the release of inorganic nutrients.9 To date a large range of bacterial strains or communities from diverse genera have been reported to be able to colonize mineral surfaces and/or to weather minerals, and for some of them a plant growth promoting effect was demonstrated.10 The demonstrated or hypothesised mechanisms used by bacteria to weather minerals include several oxidoreduction and dissolution replys as well as the production of weathering agents, such as protons, organic acids and chelating molecules. oxidizationWithin the weathering environment ch emical oxidisation of a variety of metals occurs. The most commonly observed is the oxidation of Fe2+ (iron) and combination with oxygen and water to form Fe3+ hydroxides and oxides such as goethite, limonite, and hematite. This gives the affected rocks a reddish-brown colour on the surface which crumbles easily and weakens the rock. This process is better known as rust fungus, though it is distinct from the rusting of metallic iron. Many other metallic ores and minerals oxidize and hydrate to produce colored deposits, such as chalcopyrites or CuFeS2 oxidizing to copper hydroxide and iron oxides.Dissolution and carbonationA pyrite cube has dissolved away from host rock, leaving gold behind Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the pelting producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall pH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the pH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from dodo fuels, can become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls. well-nigh minerals, due to their natural solubility (e.g. evaporites), oxidation potential (iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite), or instability congress to surficial conditions (see Goldich dissolution series) go forth weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water. Exfoliation is a type of erosion that occurs when a rock is rapidly heated up by the sun. This results in the expansion of the rock. When the temperature decreases again, the rock contracts, causing pieces of the rock to break off. Exfoliation occurs mainly in deserts due to the extravagantly temperatures during the day and cold temperatures at night.24HydrationMineral hydration is a form of chemical weathering that involves the rigid attachme nt of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral. When rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stresses within the rock. For example iron oxides are converted to iron hydroxides and the hydration of anhydrite forms gypsum.A freshly broken rock shows differential chemical weathering (probably in general oxidation) progressing inward. This piece of sandstone was found in glacial drift near Angelica, New York Hydrolysis on silicates and carbonatesHydrolysis is a chemical weathering process affecting silicate and carbonate minerals. In such reactions, pure water ionizes slightly and reacts with silicate minerals. An example reaction This reaction theoretically results in complete dissolution of the original mineral, if enough water is available to drive the reaction. In reality, pure water rarely acts as a H+ donor. Carbon dioxide, though, dissolves readily in water forming a weak acid and H+ donor. This hydrolysis reaction is much more common. C arbonic acid is consumed by silicate weathering, resulting in more alkaline solutions because of the bicarbonate. This is an important reaction in controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and can affect climate. Aluminosilicates when subjected to the hydrolysis reaction produce a secondary mineral kind of than simply releasing cations.RainfallThere are three primary types of erosion that occur as a direct result of rainfallsheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion. Sheet erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process, which is followed by rill erosion, and lastly gully erosion (the most severe of the three).45 The impact of a falling raindrop creates a small crater in the soil, ejecting soil particles. The distance these soil particles travel (on level ground) can be as much as 2 feet vertically, and 5 feet horizontally. Once the rate of rain fall is faster than the rate of infiltration into the soil, surface runoff occurs and carries the loosened soil particles down slope.6Rill erosion refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths, which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically on the order of a few centimeters or less and slopes may be sooner steep. This means that rills exhibit very different hydraulic physics than water flowing through the deeper, wider conduct of streams and rivers. Gully erosion occurs when runoff water accumulates, and then rapidly flows in narrow channels during or now after heavy rains or melting snow, removing soil to a considerable depth.Factors affecting erosion ratesClimatic factors include the amount and intensity of precipitation, the average temperature, as well as the typical temperature range, seasonality, wind speed, and storm frequency. In general, given si milar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with high-intensity precipitation, more frequent rainfall, more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.citation needed Rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher(prenominal) intensity rainfall generally resulting in more erosion. The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor. bigger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.25Erosional gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea (Israel) sediments along the southwestern shore. This gully was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year. The composition, moisture, and compaction of soil are all major factors in determining the erosivity of rainfall. Sediments containing more clay tend to be more resistant to erosion than those with sand or silt, because the clay helps control soil particles togeth er.26 Soil containing high levels of organic materials are often more resistant to erosion, because the organic materials clabber soil colloids and create a stronger, more stable soil structure.27The amount of water present in the soil before the precipitation also plays an important role, because it sets limits on the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil (and hence prevented from flowing on the surface as erosive runoff). Wet, saturated soils will not be able to absorb as much rain water, leading to higher levels of surface runoff and thus higher erosivity for a given volume of rainfall.2728 Soil compaction also affects the permeability of the soil to water, and hence the amount of water that flows away as runoff. More compacted soils will have a larger amount of surface runoff than less compacted soils.27Vegetative coverVegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the permeability of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. I t shelters the soil from winds, which results in change magnitude wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in microclimate. The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and twine with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion.29TopographyThe topography of the land determines the velocity at which surface runoff will flow, which in turn determines the erosivity of the runoff. Longer, steeper slopes (especially those without adequate vegetative cover) are more susceptible to very high rates of erosion during heavy rains than shorter, less steep slopes. Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides, landslides, and other forms of gravitational erosion processes

Wireless Lan Applications Areas Computer Science Essay

intercommunicate receiver Lan Applications Areas Computer Science EssayG. Marconi invented the radio receiver telegraph in 1896. In 1901, he sent telegraphic call fors across the Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to St. Johns Newfoundland a distance of 1800 miles. His invention allowed both parties to communicate by sending each early(a)wise alphanumeric characters encoded in an analog presage. oer the expire century, advances in radio set technologies occupy led to the radio, the television, the mobile teleph integrity, and communication satellites. All types of information can without delay be sent to almost every corner of the world. Recently, a good attention has been foc employ on radio net work.Early wireless local atomic number 18a network products, introduced in the late 1980s, were marketed as substitutes for traditional wired local area networks. Wireless networking is allowing businesses to develop WANs, MANs, and local area networks without cabling. A wireless loc al area network saves the cost of the installation of LAN cabling and eases the task of relocation and other modifications to network structure. The IEEE has developed 802.11 as a standard for wireless LANs. The Bluetooth industry consortium is also working to forget a seamless wireless networking technology. The impact of wireless communications has been and go away continue to be profound. Very few inventions have been able to shrink the world in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a manner. The standards that fructify how wireless communication devices interact are quickly converging and soon will allow the installation of a global wireless network that will deliver a wide variety of services.1.2 Over viewAs the name suggests, a wireless LAN is integrity that makes phthisis of a wireless transmission sensitive. Until recently, wireless LANs were little used. The reasons for this included spirited prices, data rates, occupational safety concerns, and licensing requirements. As t hese problems have been now addressed, the popularity of wireless LANs has grown rapidly.1.3 Wireless LAN Applications AreasThere are four operation areas for wireless LANsLAN extension,Cross- building interconnect,Nomadic access andAd hoc networks.LAN ExtensionThe motivation for wireless LANs was everywheretaken by events. First, as awareness of the need for LANs became greater, architects designed new buildings to include extensive pre wiring for data actions. Second, with advances in data transmission technology, there is an increasing reliance on twisted pair cabling for LANs and in particular, course of study3 and Category 5 unshielded twisted pair.However, in well-nigh surroundingss, there is a role for the wireless LAN as an alternative to a wired LAN. Examples include buildings with large open areas. In most of these cases, an system of rules will also have a wired LAN to support servers and some nonmoving workstation. Thus, this application area is referred to as L AN extension.There is a gumption wired LAN, such as Ethernet, that supports servers, workstations, and one or more splice up or routers to connection with other networks. In addition, there is a chequer Module (CM) that acts as an interface to a wireless LAN. The swear module includes either bridge or router functionality to link the wireless LAN to the backbone. It includes some sort of access control logic, such as a polling or token-passing scheme, to regulate the access from the end systems.Cross- Building InterconnectA nonher use of wireless LAN technology is to connect LANs in nearby buildings, be they wired or wireless LANs. In this case, a point-to-point wireless link is used surrounded by two buildings. The devices so connected are typically bridges or routers. This single point-to-point link is not a LAN per se, but it is usual to include this application under the heading of wireless LAN.Nomadic AccessNomadic access provides a wireless link between a LAN hub and mob ile data terminal equipped with an antenna, such as a laptop computer or notepad computer. Nomadic access is also useful in an extended environment such as a campus or a business operating out of a bunch of buildings.Ad Hoc NetworkingAn ad hoc network is a peer-to-peer network (no centralized server) set up temporarily to escort some immediate need. For example, a group of employees, each with a laptop or palmtop computer may convene in a conference room for a business or classroom meeting. The employees link their computers in a temporary network just for the duration of the meeting.There are differences between a wireless LAN that supports LAN extension and nomadic access requirements and an ad hoc wireless LAN. In the source case, the wireless LAN forms a stationary infrastructure consisting of one or more cells with a control module for each cell. Within a cell, there may be a number of stationary end systems. Nomadic stations can move from one cell to another. In contrast, there is no infrastructure for an ad hoc network. Rather, a peer collection of stations within range of each other may dynamically configure themselves into a temporary network.Fig 1.1 Wireless LAN Configurations1.4 Wireless LAN RequirementsA wireless LAN must(prenominal) meet the same sort of requirements typical of any LAN, including high capacity, ability to cover short distances, luxuriant connectivity among attached stations, and broadcast capability. In addition, there are a number of requirements specific to the wireless LAN environment. The following are among the most important requirements for wireless LANs.Throughput The medium access control protocol should make as efficient use as possible of the wireless medium to maximize capacity.Number of nodes Wireless LANs may need to support hundreds of nodes across multiple cells. association to backbone LAN In most cases, interconnection with stations on a wired backbone LAN is required. For infrastructure wireless LANs, this is easily accomplished through the use of control modules that connect to both types of LANs. There may also need to be accommodation for mobile users and ad hoc wireless networks. dish up area A typical coverage area for a wireless LAN has a diameter of 100 to 300m.Battery agent consumption Mobile workers use battery-powered workstations that need to have a long battery life when used with wireless adapters.This suggests that a MAC protocol that requires mobile nodes to oversee access points constantly or engage in frequent handshakes with a base station is inappropriate. natural wireless LAN implementations have features to reduce power consumption while not using the network, such as a sleep mode.Transmission robustness and security Unless properly designed, a wireless LAN may be interference prone and easily eavesdropped. The design of a wireless LAN must give up reliable transmission even in a noisy environment and should provide some level of security from eavesdropping.C ollocated network operation As Wireless LANs become more popular, it is quite likely for two or more wireless LANs to operate in the same area or in some area where interference between the LANs is possible. Such interferee may thwart the normal operation of a MAC algorithm and may allow unauthorized access to a particular LAN.License-free operation Users would pick out to buy and operate wireless LAN products without having to secure a license for the frequency band used by the LAN.Handoff/roaming The MAC protocol used in the wireless LAN should enable mobile stations to move from one cell to another.Dynamic configuration The MAC addressing and network management aspects of the LAN should permit dynamic and automated addition, deletion, and relocation of end systems without disruption to other users.1.5 The Trouble with WirelessWireless is satisfied and often less expensive to deploy than fixed services, but wireless is not perfect. There are limitations, political and technical difficulties that may ultimately prevent wireless technologies from reaching the other side with full potential. Two limiting issues are incompatible standards and device limitations.Device limitations also restrict the free give of data. The small LCD on a mobile telephone is inadequate for displaying more than a few lines of text. In additions, most mobile wireless devices cannot access the vast majority of WWW sites on the Internet. The browsers use a special language, wireless markup language (WML), instead of the de facto standard HTML.Most likely, no one wireless device will be able to meet every need. The potential of wireless can be met but not with a single product. Wireless will succeed because it will be co-ordinated into a variety of devices that can meet a variety of needs.1.6 weaken in the Mobile purlieuPerhaps the most challenging technical problem being faced by communication systems engineers is weaken in a mobile environment. The term attenuation refers to th e measure variation of received signal power caused by departs in the transmission medium or path(s). In a fixed environment, fading is touch by trenchens in atmospheric conditions, such as rainfall. But in a mobile environment, where one of the two antennae is moving relative to the other, the relative location of various obstacles changes over time, creating complex transmission do.1.6.1 Types of attenuation fade effects in a mobile environment can be classified as either fast or abate. Referring to Fig 1.2, as the mobile unit moves down a passageway in an urban environment, rapid variations in signal strength occur over distances of about one-half a wavelength. The rapidly changing waveform is an example of the spatial variation of received signal premium. The changes of amplitude can be as much as 20 or 30 dB over a short distance. This type of rapidly changing fading phenomenon, known as fat fading, affects not only mobile devices in automobiles, but even a mobile phone user go down an urban street.As the mobile user covers distances well in excess of a wavelength, the urban environment changes, as the user passes buildings of different heights, vacant lots, intersections, and so forth. Over these longer distances, there is a change in the average received power level about which the rapid fluctuations occur. This is referred to as slow fading.LampPostBDCAFig 1.2 Mobile unit signal reflectionsattenuation channel models are often used to model the effects of electromagnetic transmission of information over the air in cellular networks and broadcast communication. fading channel models are also used in underwater acoustic communications to model the distortion caused by the water. Mathematically, fading is usually modeled as a time-varying random change in the amplitude and phase angle of the transmitted signal.1.6.2 shadowy vs. Fast FadingThe terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at which the magnitude and phase change imposed by the cha nnel on the signal changes. The viscidity time is a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change of the channel to become decorrelated from its previous value.Slow fading arises when the coherence time of the channel is large relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel can be considered roughly constant over the period of use. Slow fading can be caused by events such as shadowing, where a large obstruction such as a hill or large building obstructs the main signal path between the transmitter and the receiver. The amplitude change caused by shadowing is often modeled using a log-normal statistical distribution with a standard deviation according to the Log Distance Path Loss Model.Fast Fading occurs when the coherence time of the channel is small relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel varies considerably over t he period of use.In a fast-fading channel, the transmitter may take advantage of the variations in the channel conditions using time conversion to help increase robustness of the communication to a temporary deep fade. Although a deep fade may temporarily erase some of the information transmitted, use of an error-correcting code coupled with successfully transmitted bits during other time instances (interleaving) can allow for the erased bits to be recovered. In a slow-fading channel, it is not possible to use time diversity because the transmitter sees only a single realization of the channel within its delay constraint. A deep fade and then lasts the entire duration of transmission and cannot be mitigated using coding.Flat vs. Frequency-selective FadingAs the carrier frequency of a signal is varied, the magnitude of the change in amplitude will vary. The coherence bandwidth measures the minimum separation in frequency after which two signals will have intercourse unrelated fa ding.In mat fading, the coherence bandwidth of the channel is larger than the bandwidth of the signal. Therefore, all frequency components of the signal will experience the same magnitude of fading.In frequency-selective fading, the coherence bandwidth of the channel is smaller than the bandwidth of the signal. Different frequency components of the signal therefore experience decorrelated fading.In a frequency-selective fading channel, since different frequency components of the signal are affected independently, it is exceedingly unlikely that all parts of the signal will be simultaneously affected by a deep fade. Certain modulation schemes such as OFDM and CDMA are well-suited to employ frequency diversity to provide robustness to fading. OFDM divides the wideband signal into many slowly modulated narrowband subcarriers, each exposed to flat fading rather than frequency selective fading. This can be combated by means of error coding, simple tearing down or adaptive bit loading. Inter-symbol interference is avoided by introducing a guard interval between the symbols. CDMA uses the stemma receiver to deal with each echo separately.Frequency-selective fading channels are also dispersive, in that the signal energy associated with each symbol is spread out in time. This causes transmitted symbols that are adjacent in time to interfere with each other. Equalizers are often deployed in such channels to compensate for the effects of the inter symbol interference.Fading effects can also be classified as flat or selective. Flat fading, or nonselective fading, is that type of fading in which all frequency components of the received signal fluctuate in the same proportions simultaneously. Selective fading affects unequally the different spectral components of a radio signal. The term selective fading is usually significant only relative to the bandwidth of the overall communications channel. If attenuation occurs over a portion of the bandwidth of the signal, the fa ding is considered to be selective nonselective fading implies that the signal bandwidth of interest is narrower than, and on the whole covered by, the spectrum affected by the fading.