Differences Between Population and Sample Standard Deviations

Differences Between Population and Sample Standard Deviations When considering standard deviations, it may come as a surprise that there are actually two that can be considered. There is a population standard deviation and there is a sample standard deviation. We will distinguish between the two of these and highlight their differences. Qualitative Differences Although both standard deviations measure variability, there are differences between a population and a sample standard deviation. The first has to do with the distinction between statistics and parameters. The population standard deviation is a parameter, which is a fixed value calculated from every individual in the population. A sample standard deviation is a statistic. This means that it is calculated from only some of the individuals in a population. Since the sample standard deviation depends upon the sample, it has greater variability. Thus the standard deviation of the sample is greater than that of the population. Quantitative Difference We will see how these two types of standard deviations are different from one another numerically. To do this we consider the formulas for both the sample standard deviation and the population standard deviation. The formulas to calculate both of these standard deviations are nearly identical: Calculate the mean.Subtract the mean from each value to obtain deviations from the mean.Square each of the deviations.Add together all of these squared deviations. Now the calculation of these standard deviations differs: If we are calculating the population standard deviation, then we divide by n,  the number of data values.If we are calculating the sample standard deviation, then we divide by n -1, one less than the number of data values. The final step, in either of the two cases that we are considering,  is to take the square root of the quotient from the previous step. The larger the value of n is, the closer that the population and sample standard deviations will be. Example Calculation To compare these two calculations, we will start with the same data set: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 We next carry out all of the steps that are common to both calculations.  Following this out calculations will diverge from one another and we will distinguish between the population and sample standard deviations. The mean is (1 2 4 5 8) / 5 20/5 4. The deviations are found by subtracting the mean from each value: 1 - 4 -32 - 4 -24 - 4   05 - 4 18 - 4 4. The deviations squared are as follows: (-3)2 9(-2)2 402 012 142 16 We now add these squared deviations and see that their sum is 9 4 0 1 16 30. In our first calculation, we will treat our data as if it is the entire population.  We divide by the number of data points, which is five.  This means that the population variance is 30/5 6.  The population standard deviation is the square root of 6. This is approximately 2.4495. In our second calculation, we will treat our data as if it is a sample and not the entire population.  We divide by one less than the number of data points.  So, in this case, we divide by four.  This means that the sample variance is 30/4 7.5.  The sample standard deviation is the square root of 7.5.  This is approximately 2.7386. It is very evident from this example that there is a difference between the population and sample standard deviations.

7 Subjects of Academic Terminology

7 Subjects of Academic Terminology 7 Subjects of Academic Terminology 7 Subjects of Academic Terminology By Mark Nichol Go to the head of the class by observing these rules, recommendations, and conventions about scholastic terminology: 1. Courses Specific course names are capitalized but not enclosed in quotation marks: â€Å"Every section of Introduction to Psychology is closed.† A numbered course, even a conjectural one, is also capitalized: â€Å"The senator obviously failed Economics 101 [or â€Å"Econ 101†].† Generic references, however, should be lowercased: â€Å"She was late to her engineering class.† 2. Degrees A reference to an academic degree is best spelled out, and should be lowercased: â€Å"She earned a bachelor’s degree in English.† â€Å"A master’s degree usually requires completion of a master’s thesis.† â€Å"All earned their doctoral degrees [or â€Å"doctorates†] at prestigious universities.† This form simplifies matters, because use of initials is complicated by a couple of factors: First, not all universities style degrees with the abbreviations BA, MA, or PhD; some reverse the letter order in the first two cases. (PhD, for â€Å"doctor of philosophy,† is already reversed, so it’s inconsistent, but let’s just let that long-standing convention go.) Furthermore, distinct abbreviations exist for a bachelor’s degree in divinity (BD), fine arts (BFA), music (BM), and science (BS). The same holds true for some master’s degrees. For simplicity, use the generic phrase â€Å"bachelor’s degree† or â€Å"master’s degree. Also, people are divided on whether to include periods after each initial; if you must use abbreviations, omitting periods is the simplest solution (especially if you use plural forms). Note that unless the name of the major is a proper noun, such as the name of a language, it should be lowercased: â€Å"Every applicant has a master’s degree in business administration.† (Anyone who has attained this degree may also be referred to as a master of business administration, but that unusual usage seems pretentious.) 3. Divisions The lowercase form of an academic discipline is distinct from that employed for a specific reference to an academic department, such as â€Å"She has taught in the Department of Business Administration [or â€Å"the Business Administration Department†] for seventeen years.† But initial caps are not called for if the reference is casual, as in â€Å"She has taught business administration for seventeen years.† Names of schools or colleges within a university are capitalized: â€Å"the School of Business,† â€Å"the College of Fine Arts.† 4. Grades Letter grades should not be emphasized with quotation marks or with italics (unless distinguishing them as terms, as here). The forms for various usages follow: A, B+, Cs, D-plus, F-minuses. (Some publications use an en dash for a minus sign.) Although the plural form of the optimum letter grade could conceivably be misconstrued as the word as, be consistent in omitting apostrophes as well. 5. Honors When a person is generically referred to as having received an academic fellowship, lowercase fellow; when the fellowship is specifically named, capitalize the word: â€Å"For you to qualify to be a Stegner Fellow, we do not require any degrees or tests for admission.† Other specific references should be capitalized, as in â€Å"He is a former National Merit Scholarship Merit Scholar.† â€Å"Cum laude,† â€Å"magna cum laude,† and â€Å"summa cum laude† are lowercased and need not be italicized, because they are Latin terms widely adopted into English. Honors and superlative forms are not capitalized, either. 6. Levels Class levels are always lowercased: freshman, sophomore, and so on, as well as in phrases like â€Å"postgraduate studies,† â€Å"postdoctorate research,† and â€Å"premedical [or â€Å"premed†] studies.† Numbered class-level grades can be spelled out or rendered in numeral form according to a publication’s style, but it’s best to be consistent. For example, if your publication adheres to The Associated Press Stylebook, instead of spelling out grades up to nine and then using numbers for ten and above, use numerals for â€Å"1st grade† through â€Å"12th grade.† Hyphenate â€Å"fourth grade† and the like only when the term modifies a noun: â€Å"fourth-grade student.† No hyphen is necessary for â€Å"fourth graders† and similar constructions, either. Indicate grade ranges, as any number range, by linking the low and high numbers with an en dash, not a hyphen (unless en dash style for a Web site is a hyphen, as here). Variations from â€Å"students in grades 6-8† are â€Å"students in sixth through eighth grades† and, less gracefully, â€Å"sixth- to eighth-grade students.† Some publications spell out isolated grades but use numbers in ranges. For schools with prekindergartners and/or kindergartners, the number-range style is â€Å"P-5† or â€Å"PK-5† (and, occasionally and clumsily, â€Å"preK-5†), or â€Å"K-5. When spelling early grades out, do not capitalize kindergarten or prekindergarten; also, it’s kindergartner, not kindergartener. 7. Titles A first reference to an academician should capitalize the title before the person’s name: â€Å"Associate Professor Jane Doe is teaching the course next semester.† But subsequent references to the person need not repeat her job title: â€Å"Doe taught it last year, but it was not offered in the fall.† As with any other job title, an academic title is usually lowercased in isolation (â€Å"The professor looked askance at the late arrival.†) or in apposition (â€Å"Jane Doe, associate professor of business administration, is teaching the course next semester.†) The exceptions are for what are called named, or endowed, professorships or chairs: â€Å"She was named the John Doe Professor of Life Sciences†; â€Å"He is Mary Smith Chair of Social Sciences at Jones University.† It is widely considered bad form to use the abbreviation Dr. to identify someone who has earned a doctorate; this title is best reserved for medical doctors. Note that the general preference for minimization of capitalization can be relaxed in special circumstances such as lists or other display text, such as a roster of honorees or a caption below a photograph. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementSit vs. Set

Collaborative Public Administration Summary Term Paper

Collaborative Public Administration Summary - Term Paper Example Donahue (1989) construed it as a kind of grant and contract agreement between public, private and (or) nonprofit sectors where funds are allocated by the public sector to private, or nonprofit sectors for service delivery. In Wright’s (2000) perspective, it is an intergovernmental alliance formed to enhance better coordination between government arms or (and) government agencies. Historically, collaboration have always been a basic component of democratic government and inter-sector arrangement but more recent considerations arising from governments failure, scarcity of resources, globalization, performance driven management, citizens’ need for better public service delivery systems, to mention a few, have combined to spotlight its importance in public administration (Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010). a) Public Administration Hierarchies Koliba, Meek and Zia (2010) characterized hierarchy in relation to the â€Å"command and Control† structure of bureaucracies, a grad ed organization with several interlocking levels of power and responsibilities. In a hierarchy, duties are divided according to the degree of authority and the responsibility attached to position occupied in the administrative setting, (Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010; Gladden, 1953) the goal being to create an environment where individuals, working together in groups can accomplish set goals with great competency (Koontz and Weihrich, 1990). In public administration, this basic function is in reality executed by administrators who have to carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The administrators, by virtue of their positions at the top of the hierarchy, have powers, ferreted out as administrative authority, and presented as a form of supervisor-subordinate ties (Koliba, Meek, and Zia, 2010). In this context therefore, management is considered the development of bureaucracy that derive its relevance from the need for strategic planning, coord ination, directing and controlling of large and complex decision making process basically for the acquisition of administrative competence and effectiveness in public administration setting, the objective being to make organizational set goals and targets achievable. The basic responsibilities of a manager in a public administration hierarchy boil down to performing these basic functions including planning, organizing, leading and controlling for the effective management of organizational resources for the good of the overall goal of the organization. It is effective in this regard only with the use certain basic social norms, and maybe, internal regulations, including deference and submission to those in position of authority. These fundamental social norms and internal regulations are the very foundation of the â€Å"Command and Control† structure of a public administration hierarchy (Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010). The accountability mechanism and performance measurement syst em put in place are effective as long as there are individuals assigned with the responsibility of determining measures and mechanisms, collecting and analyzing data, and pushing the burden or transaction cost to the appropriate office (Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010), and also, as long as the individuals do their jobs. The public administra

Causes of the War with the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the War with the United States - Essay Example While the Mexican fought for the independence of Texas, the US sent its army into Texas in order to gain hold over the state. However, the ambition did not end here and US made plans to extend its rule into California by buying over the state from Mexico. In order to ensure the cooperation of the Mexican government, Polk sent troops into Mexico to intimidate the Mexicans. The Mexicans, though initiated the fight with these troops, had no way of defending themselves since they were still recovering as a newly independent country. The US argued that they were helping Mexicans since Mexico was basically sick country and needed the US for support. While the US was strong and powerful, the Mexicans were economically and physically weak. However, the Mexicans were able to enjoy a bargaining chip for a small period of time as the British and the French were concerned of the resulting shift in balance of power as a result of the foreseeable expansion. While this deterred the war for a certai n period of time but the US was able to take over Texas and California after they neutralized the two countries through British-French consent (Vazques, 138). Author’s Perspective The author like most other historians believe that the US was responsible for the war and Polk provoked the war through his ambitious methods (Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenburg and Rosenburg, 344). The author has laid the blame of the war entirely on the shoulders of the US. He blames US for taking advantage of its superior position and the annexation of Texas to start a war that the Mexicans were unprepared for and did not want at that specific point. Vazques continually refers to writing and thoughts of other historians either to support his own views or to point out the flaws in others’ perspective. By referring to specific passages, such as the comments of Nicholas Trist, Vazques establishes the fact that even US peace commissioner was against the war between Mexico and US. Trist in that specific passage blames the US for the war and feels remorse over the US approach towards the situation. This further convinces the reader of the unjustness of the situation and through such accounts one cannot help but feel sympathy of the Mexicans. Vazques is strictly pro-Mexican and this fact is not surprising given the Mexican origin and background of the author. Since almost every Mexican is bitter towards the US involvement in their personal affairs, this is to be expected. Vazques is influenced by her own people since she has been exposed to such ideas from birth and they are as much a part of her as her Mexican birth. Vazques ignores the political and economic condition of Mexico to a great extent and the Mexican involvement in the war. Discussion Josefina Vazques, through her article ‘Causes of the War with United States’, has explored the Mexican situation and the reasons for their bitterness against the US. While most historians have blamed the US for the situation, the Mexican side of the story had been undiscovered until Vazques chose to explore and write about it. Even though I believe that every story has different perceptiveness and these differ widely between the antagonist characters in the story, I still have sympathy towards the Mexicans. Certain historians believ

Battle of waterloo Essay Example for Free

Battle of waterloo Essay The Battle of Waterloo was fought thirteen kilometres south of Brussels between the French, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Allied armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington from Britain and General Blucher from Prussia. The French defeat at Waterloo drew to a close 23 years of war beginning with the French Revolutionary wars in 1792 and continuing with the Napoleonic Wars from 1803. There was a brief eleven-month respite when Napoleon was forced to abdicate, exiled to the island of Elba. However, the unpopularity of Louis XVIII and the economic and social instability of France motivated him to return to Paris in March 1815. The Allies soon declared war once again. Napoleons final defeat at Waterloo marked the end of the Emperors final bid for power, the so-called 100 Days, and the final chapter in his remarkable career. The Protagonists Napoleon Bonaparte had always been driven by his desire to make France a European empire and was an experienced warlord and leader. He had carried out a coup against the government of the First Republic of France (the Directory) in 1799 and established himself as ruler and First Consul, eventually to declare himself First Consul for life and Emperor in 1804. In 1802 the French Republic was officially ecognised and the Peace of Amiens signed. Napoleon had higher ambitions and pursued his desire to make France the most powerful country in Europe by conquering other countries including Britain. In 1803, Britain declared war on France and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars were fought between France and various Allied coalitions over the next 1 1 years. The Allies successfully invaded in 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate at the Treaty of Fontainbleau. The European powers were meeting in Vienna to re-establish the territorial balance in Europe when news came of Napoleons escape from Elba on 1st March 181 5 and is re-entry into Paris on 20th March. The powers immediately renewed their declaration of war on Napoleon and the 7th Coalition between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia was formed on 25th March. They began assembling their troops in readiness for war, intending to attack along the French borders and march on Paris from different directions with enough strength to crush the French. In the event, only the armies of Wellington and Blucher were in place in Belgium. The Austrians and Russians arrived after Napoleon had been defeated. The Allied army under the Duke of Wellington was a coalition of British, Dutch, Belgian and German oldiers. Napoleon described Britain as the most powerful and most constant of my enemies. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, had never been beaten by the French and had a reputation as a talented coalition general. He came to prominence in India and then successfully directed the Peninsular Campaign of 1811 when the British went to support Portugal and Spain against Napoleon. He was made a duke at the end of that war and appointed ambassador to the restored Bourbon court in 1814. Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher was the commander of the Prussian army. He was 72 at the time ot the Battle ot Waterloo and he only man to nave beaten Napoleon more than once. Age and experience meant that Blucher was less afraid of Napoleon than any other commander. His self-confidence and career record had a positive effect on his army, helping to keep morale amongst the Prussians high. Strategies After his return to France, Napoleon developed his strategy to defeat the Allies. He re-established himself in Paris and began building up his army in preparation for an invasion of Belgium, his goal was to capture Brussels. His battle plan was to mount an offensive attack on the Allied troops gathering in Belgium and to destroy them. In order to do this he wanted to divide the armies before defeating them separately, forcing Wellingtons army to retreat back to the Belgian coast in the west and the Prussians to retreat to the east. With speed he deployed his army along the French border and centred his headquarters at Beaumont Just across the border from Belgium. He was ready to attack on 15th June 1815. In order to separate Wellington and Bluchers troops, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to advance on Quatre-Bras, a crossroads on the roads between Brussels and Charleroi and Nivelles and Namur. Allied Dutch-Belgium troops under Prince William of Orange were already positioned around the area and succeeded in holding off the French attack until reinforcements arrived. They continued to hold their ground, resulting in stalemate on 16th June. The result may have been a coincidence of timing. Had Marshal Ney attacked Quatre-Bras earlier the outcome could have been very different as, until the reinforcements arrived, the French army greatly outnumbered the Allies and their chances of victory were good. If the Allies had been defeated, they may have retreated completely rather than regrouping at Mont St Jean, a few kilometres north of Quatre-Bras. Wellington admitted surprise at the direction of the French attack; Napoleon has humbugged me, he declared. At Ligny, the Prussian army occupied strongholds of walled gardens, stone houses and farmhouses and lined up on the forward slope of the Ligny Brook with the right guarding the villages of St Armand and St Armand Haye. Heavvy fghting ensued with casualties on both sides, but the Prussians were forced to commit more and more troops. Although the French were victorious, they failed to totally destroy the Prussian army. They were able to retreat, albeit with numerous injured and dead, north to Wavre (about 18 kilometres east of Waterloo) Napoleon had succeeded in his aim of keeping the two Allied armies apart but mistakenly believed the Prussians were defeated. He was confident that Wellington could also be defeated. Preparing for battle On the morning of 18th June 181 5, Wellington was occupying the ridge of Mont St Jean, Just south of Waterloo, and Napoleon that of La Belle Alliance across the valley. The corps were divided into three under the commands of Lord Hill, Prince William of Orange and Sir Thomas Picton. Wellington was short of well-trained infantry and the cavalry were inexperienced, but he believed in the use of carefully deployed firepower. They had some 156 cannon and the standard gun for the infantry, a smoothbore mus et k titted with a bayonet on a socket over the barrel ot a gun Observing that his troops were outnumbered by the French, Wellington decided that his best plan was to stand firm until the Prussians could come to his aid.

The Psychology of Post-Conventional Morality and Martin Luther King Jr.

Introduction Morals, as defined by psychologist, are the attitudes and beliefs held by individuals that aid in the determination or what is right and what is wrong (Hock 142). It is believed that what is deemed moral is determined by our culture and the norms present in that culture. It is also believed that we are not born with an established set of morals; instead, we must gain this outline of what is moral throughout our childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. In order to properly analyze the extent Bandura social learning theory plays in the attainment of level three, stage six, of Kohlberg’s moral development theory the theories of Kohlberg and Bandura must be properly outlined. The application of these theories will then by applied to case of Martin Luther King, Jr. who observed, through texts, the non-violent protest methods of Mohandas Gandhi. Lawrence Kohlberg, focusing his research on Jean Piaget, gained in interest in child development. While at the University of Chicago, Kohlberg expounded upon the ideas set forth by Piaget and posed the question â€Å"how does the amoral infant become capable of moral reasoning† (Hock 143)? As a result of his research, Kohlberg created his moral development stage theory. His theory consists of three stages and each stage has two respective levels. In the first level, known as either pre-conventional morality or pre-moral, a person shows only self interest. In the first stage of this level a person will act morally simply because they are motivated by rewards or punishments. In stage two, the best interest of the person is the motivation for moral behavior. Conventional morality, the second level, is where a person’s relationship between others plays a larger role in moral beha... ...an be suggested that one can develop morally even in the absence of this direct model-observer interaction if all other conditions are met. These conditions being: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. This essay has attempted at asserting that history can have a direct impact on moral development and can act as the model when applied to situations that contain the combination of factors. Bibliography 1) Hock, Roger R. Forty Studies that Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological Research. 5th. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2005. 142-50. Print. 2) Weber, Thomas Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 3) Rudolf, Lloyd L., and Susanne Hoeber Rudolf. Post Modern Gandhi and other essays. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006. 92-120. Print.

Sigmund Freud Essay

Sigmund Freud has investigated the Psychoanalytic Theory (1856-1939). This theory caused great inconvenience when delivered and accepted a systematic war because Freud revealed the importance and impact of human sexual impulses stressing that culture is built over their oppression. The Psychology of Conflict is one of the basic principles in the Psychoanalytic theory which sees the function of the mind as the expression of conflicting powers. Some of these forces are conscious but the key is unconscious. This conflict reflects a contradiction in dual nature of someone as a biological and social creature. During the development and socialisation of the individual it is inevitable to experience frustration anger, frustration and conflict / inconsistency (conflict). The Pleasure principle is another basic principle of psychoanalytic theory is that human psychology governed by the tendency of man craves pleasure and avoids the pain. The primary experience pleasure and pain play an import ant role in structuring of human personality. The Freud was first modern psychologist who gave importance to childhood. The sources of the ribs are always beyond the region of the conscious. They repulsed outside the conscious because they have painful character. Another basic principle of the psychoanalytic theory of personality is precisely this topographical perspective. Namely that every mental element judged on how accessible is the conscious. The conscious is only a small piece of psychic resources we have. Another basic principle is determinism. The events that occur in the human mind are not accidental, occasional or disconnected. The thoughts, feelings, impulses coming into consciousness are a chain of causally connected events, associated with some previous experience in life. Several of the links are unconscious. Another key element that sees the psychoanalytic theory. Personality is the dynamic view that that there are sexual sprints instinct of life (life oriented libidinal impulses – EROS) and aggressive momenta death instinct (destructive, death, aggressive impulses – THANATOS) that irritate and cause the mind to work with, act, to change. Because of their biological base these forces have called instincts or impulses (drives). Finally, another principle of psychoanalytic theory of personality is genetic point of view, namely that the birth of contrasts / conflicts, personality traits of neurotic symptoms and general psychological structure of man can be found at major events of childhood that created desires and imaginations. The roots  of psychological structures are born in fantasies and desires of childhood. The human soul consists of three concepts: the ego is the reservoir of mental energy – we are born with it which includes all biological instincts of hunger , thirst, sexual satisfaction, which give strength and direction to human behaviour. The ego begins to evolve after birth and occurs around the 6th month. The role of the ego is to mediate between that of reality, and the superego. That’s why we say that the ego operates on the reality principle and is conscious. The super- ego is the structure of personality that represents the moral principles of society as conveyed in person from their parents – is what we call conscience- and the source of obligations. Apart from the super – conscious ego has another piece of the ego-ideal. The Id and the super- ego are constantly in a fight. When ego cannot find a solution to reconcile the desires of the Id and the super-ego, anxiety is created. Stress is a warning message that ego does not succeed in his role. A group of neo- Freudian psychoanalysts were called ‘analysts of the Ego’ (Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, etc. ) who gave greater importance to me and less to that . As it’s known, Freud argued that the ego is a mere intermediary that seeks to satisfy the needs and impulses of that without disrupting or to conflict with the superego. But according to analysts of the Ego , the one no longer seen as the superpower of mental structure and I treated like a force that has the ability to control the environment and to choose the time and manner in which satisfy the impulses of the id. The ego is considered capable to create and achieve satisfactory targets chos en by the individual. So between the instinctual drives, external conditions and Act inserted the thought that controls both the internal energy as and reactions of the individual to the external environment. A second new direction influenced psychoanalytic thinking emphasizes the importance of social relationships to explain the formation of personality. So instead of seeing human nature as the result of conflicts around the momenta of him, seeing it more as the result of the child’s relationship with other important people in his life . This direction is reflected in the modern psychoanalytic method called Theory of the relationship with the object or object relations (Object Relations Theory – Melanie Klein, Heinz Kohut). This theory emphasizes the relative adhesion (attachment) of the baby, especially the mother, and the importance of the quality of these early  attachments for the development of the ego of the child, feelings about oneself and developing interpersonal relationships in later life. So theorists of the relationship with the object they see the relationship with parents as an important determinant of the direction taken by the personality of the individual. Apart from these two directions of psychoanalytic thought seeing two of their colleagues nearby Freud, who came into conflict with him, to create their own schools. Jung disagreed with Freud about the nature of the subconscious. Jung believed that the unconscious is not just a reservoir of forbidden impulses and repressed memories, but also the source of our drive for pleasure and creativity. Jung also believed that within us there is a struggle of opposing forces. Every man has a passive – a feminine nature and dynamics â⠂¬â€œ masculine nature. Each one of us also has elements of introversion and extroversion. Also, there is a struggle between the face we present to others (persona) and private self-image (anima / animus). According to Jung, the work of every man is to be able to unite these opposing forces. The Adler disagreed with Freud because he believed that the main force mobilization in human life is not the satisfaction of sexual momenta, but the effort for supremacy. By this meant the interior searching for perfection. Adler said that all children are born with a deep sense of inferiority because of their small size, natural weaknesses and lack of knowledge and power in the world of adults. First used the term inferiority complex. Adler believed that the way parents relate to their children has a significant effect on the child’s ability to overcome these feelings of inferiority and succeed in later life. So Adler saw personality as deeply influenced by the quality of raw social relations. Also important psychoanalytic thought is that Karen Horney saw this adult personality as shaped by childhood experiences, but, unlike Freud, she gave this emphasis on social relationships – especially with parents – instead of solving contradictions of Him . The Horney tal ked about feelings † basic anxiety  » (basic anxiety) and  «basic hostility  » (basic hostility). When parents behave indifferently, derogatory and instability, the child feels insecure and helpless experiencing basic anxiety. These feelings, according to Horney are accompanied by a deeper feeling of resentment towards parents- basic hostility. Because this hostility cannot be expressed directly, because the child needs and fears his parents, repelled and leads to  feelings of worthlessness and anxiety. This tension between basic hostility and basic anxiety leads the child, and later neurotic adult, adopt one of the following 3 stops social interactions; An action towards other, an action against others and an action away from others. When moving towards the other, the person succumbs to others and is always anxious to please them in order to gain approval and love. The person moving against the other is trying to find confidence through domination. The goal of the person who moves away from others is to protect himself, to find safety in the distance, the removal. So he never wants to create close relationships. All these protective mechanisms create many interpersonal problems.

Brave New World Essay

I am a drug user, as is the bulk of society. Whether it be coffee or cocaine, any mind altering substance is defined as a drug. Even food these days is designed with addictive properties to make us want more, and thus, buy more. Illicit drug dealers have the same aim. The product is filled with foul substances but as long as people find it enjoyable to consume they buy it. â€Å"Crack Addict†, â€Å"Chocoholic†, ultimately they are both just by-products of an individual trying to make a dollar. The difference lies in what is socially acceptable and what is not. In Aldeous Huxley’s ideal society portrayed in his novel Brave New World, mind-altering substances are perfectly acceptable due to the government playing the role of the drug dealer. The difference between the dealers of today and Huxley’s dealers of the future is that the ones of the future were more intelligent. The World State didn’t introduce the drug â€Å"Soma† to make a profit from the actual drug but rather they made it freely available to allow the occurrence of the â€Å"brave new world† where mass production has lead to the wealth of the nation, and human life has lost its value. No one is anything more than an easily replaceable cell in the social body. No one can show their resistance if their mind is constantly numb from excessive drug use. Soma is not bought but given out in rations, as if it were as essential as food. The Delta’s reaction to having their Soma rations throw out the window leads one to believe that Soma was even more important than food. People die without food, but the Delta’s seemed to want to die without their Soma. The inhabitants of the Brave New World were conditioned to like Soma from their birth. Hypnotically taught lessons such as â€Å"A gramme is always better than a damn†. This is not such a crazy concept to grasp for this modern world. Hypnosis has recently been used in advertising. Advertising itself is everywhere; on the television, the radio, the local bus stop, on the bus, in the bus, outside the bus, on street walls, on huge billboards towering over the metropolis that we call our home. If that’s not enough you can even buy magazines, newpapers, books, catalogues and pamphlets, to look at what you’re going to buy next. This overload of information is frequently used by the drug industry of today. As musical artist â€Å"Lazy Boy† preached; â€Å"†¦we have more prescription drugs now than ever. Every  commercial on TV is a prescription drug ad. I can’t watch TV for four  minutes without thinking I have five serious diseases. Like, â€Å"Do you  ever wake up tired in the mornings?† Oh my god, I have this, write  this down! Whatever this is, I have this! Half the time you don’t even  know what the commercial is, there’s people running through fields,  or flying kites, or swimming in the ocean. Like, that is the greatest  disease ever! How do you get that? That disease comes with a hot  chick and a puppy!† Oh the appeal of sickness! In the â€Å"Savage Reservation† Linda drank excessive Mescal because she was in denial of that world, despite the sickness it created she always went back for more because she enjoyed consuming it. Then upon her arrival to the World State she ironically couldn’t handle it their either and went on Soma holiday. Her socially acceptable escape inevitably lead to her demise. It’s worthy of note that Huxley left this world in similar fashion, famously taking 100 micrograms of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) on his deathbed. To emphasise my point I’ll write a story that I concocted; There once was a boy playing football with his sister when he spied a blue moose,  It was a peculiar moose, not like any moose he had seen before.  He walked over to it and joked to his sister â€Å"What a fucked up looking moose!†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, you’re the one that’s fucked up† the moose replied.  The boy protested; â€Å"You are a talking moose!†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You are talking to a moose† satirised the blue moose.  And with that the moose gobbled up the boy and left his sister on the field crying. The moral behind the story of the blue moose was that if you take drugs, drugs will take you. I believe too many people are eaten alive by the desire to experiment with the subconscious. I suppose this more frequently applies to harder drugs such as methamphetamine’s and opiates. Huxley was a pioneer of self-directed psychedelic drug use â€Å"in a search for enlightenment†. The art of thinking is a valid one and should be explored but this should not require a mind altered from its natural state. To what point is thinking if thinking has no point? How could one express oneself when no one else understands your thoughts? I believe this styled search for enlightenment is futile. Hard drugs destroy people, not enlighten them. True self-revelation comes from individual thought, not experiencing what your brain can do when you mess up the balance. The inner self that one finds through drug use has no genuine authenticity to it. Anyone can taste good chocolate if they are fed it, just like how anyone can be â€Å"enlightened† if they inject the same shit. Karl Marx described religion as the opiate of the people. Huxley inversely comments in his text Brave New World Revisited that â€Å"†¦soma is the religion of the people†. Opiates are dominantly used for pain relief and to induce a state of calmness. Is this what religion is used for? I believe the answer to that would depend on the individual. Despite this modern worlds conditioning and discrimination against difference no two persons are identical and what one truly believes in is dependant on the individual. As for Huxely’s comment on the substitute for god being Soma; the truth behind the statement is evident in our own â€Å"brave new world†. Soma is a fictional substance and although it represents a drug in the story is could be used as a metaphor for a lot more. Money is just as addictive as the hardest methamphetamine. With the onset the Great Depression bankers jumped from the windows of their skyscrapers, I suppose that would be a side effect of greed and the dependence on materialist happiness. It’s ironic that the building their happiness was built from was also used for their suicide.  So ultimately, the consumerism of substance abuse leads to more than the demise of the individual. It was the consumers’ money that funded the World State; it’s our money that fuels the drug industry. This then backfires as we form a dependence on whatever they fed us.

Disney Marketing Paper Essay Example

Disney Marketing Paper Essay Example Disney Marketing Paper Paper Disney Marketing Paper Paper This takes great planning and heavy research to make sure hat the Wall-E is being marketed as the right product, at the right price, sold in the right place, and promoted the best way. Some ways this can be done is by targeting a specific market location, identifying potential buyers (as well as the influences that make their purchasing decisions), and understanding the competitive landscape. Understanding and learning about these areas will help Disney launch the Wall-E toy in the best possible way. Segmentation and the Target Market To create a successful marketing strategy, Disney must first answer the question, who Is the customer who will be most Interested In new voice-activated robotic Wall-E toy. In order to find out the answer to that question, Disney must divide the market up into groups of customers with distinct needs, characteristics or behaviors, then select the segment that best suits the product; this is called market segmentation. The next step in this process of developing a marketing strategy is to decide how to best serve the target customer. This step is known as target marketing. Target marketing is a process to evaluate each of the segments and to select the one or more segments hat will generate the most customer satisfaction and the highest level of profitability. Target market selection is crucial to productive marketing efforts. Products and even companies sometimes fail because marketers do not identify appropriate customer groups at which to alma their efforts. Identification and analysis of a target market provide a foundation on which a marketing mix can be developed? (DDCD Marketing, 2006). The new release of the Disney,Polar movie, Wall-E Is currently for Pixies third-largest opening with $62. 5 million, according to studio estimates from Nielsen (Bowels, 2008). According to Scott Bowels from USA Today, surprisingly more than a fifth of the audience, during the opening weekend, included adults without children. The Disney Corporations numerous market segments all seem to be related and reinforce each other: The Disney Stores promote the consumer products which promote the [theme] parks which promote the television shows. The television shows promote the company (Seder, 2008). Ebbed also suggests, children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing because of the amount of money they spend themselves, the influence they have on their parents spending (the nag factor) and because of the money they will spend when they grow With this In mind, Disney/Polar will broadly Identify the target customer for the new robotic toy as children. Children and teens, of all ages who presently watch the Disney channel will see previews for ten movie Ana commercials Tort ten product Trot ten movie. Enlarge will tombstone, ask parents to go see the movie and ultimately to the store to shop for related merchandise. Buyer/Consumer Disney has been a major player in toy development for decades and has always been n innovator when it comes to robotics and animation. Wholesale and retail buyers will not be in short demand. Most organizations are going to use the markups to price Wall-E, so price should not be an influential factor. Quality will be. Disney has a Strategic Sourcing and Procurement organization that will work with product development in order to select vendors that will bring the best value to the Wall-E robot. One of those vendors was Thinking Toys. Disney and Thinking Toys have teamed up in the past on such projects as Toy Story, Little Mermaid and Beauty in the Beast (thanklessly. Com). Thinking Toys has won numerous awards regarding quality and product. Having these types of partners on board will ease the concerns of organizational buyers. Demand will also be an influential factor for buyers. The continued success of the movie as well as promotions should keep demand high. Disney will be best served to continue to partner with numerous companies from local and regional retailers and wholesalers to the larger global ones such as Toy-R-Us. Additionally, Disney Interactive as well as the numerous Disney stores around the globe can stock their shelves according to their local markets emend and their distribution network will ensure there is always stock in hand. The consumers of the Wall-E robot are mostly going to be parents of children from ages 6 through their mid-teens. These are going to be parents at least in the working class or lower middle class income bracket and above. The Wall-E robot, while still cheaper than its more advanced competitor, is still an expensive item. Parents with tighter budgets constraints are going to be hesitant to purchase such an expensive item. The working class is also the majority class in the U. S. Making it the most ideal market to target. Working class consumers cover a broad range of different types, but they will be influenced by price more so than classes above them. Rebate offers may be very effective if deployed during a lag in sales. Middle class consumers have a comfortable standard of living, economic security, and will be more willing to spend the extra money to satisfy their wants. Warranties and service will be more important here as well as the Disney brand. Competitive Landscape Competitive landscape analysis identifies who the competitors are ND what the competitor is doing in order to generate sales of the product. The best way for an organization to compete is to prepare them with an in-depth knowledge of what the competition is doing. Chris Byrne, contributing editor of Raving Toy Maniac News, stated of the competitive landscape, there are innovations across the board, which deliver more fun no matter what kids are playing with. The interactive Wall-E two biggest competitors are the Polo dinosaur and the Ultimate Bumblebee Transformer. Polo is an interactive robotic dinosaur that is designed from the same maker of the Furry. This techno dinosaur is equipped with 35 sensors throughout its body, allowing Polo to react instantly to slant, sound Ana touch . I en Polo Languor Is also Adult Walt a camera-oases vowels system for light detection and navigation within its plane. With a price tag of 350 dollars, this high-end toy is not made for the average consumer. The Ultimate Bumblebee Transformer is a spoof from the original Japanese toy line, which debuted in 1984. The Transformers toys line from Hasher is unique in the fact that it features a toy vehicle that can be modified and changed into a robot, which is perfect or an inquisitive young boy. The Ultimate Bumblebee Transformer features an advanced animators design, which means the toy can move itself when in robot mode. His arms and wings move up and down, and his head moves from side to side. It seems to have full sound detection capabilities. It responds to noises, like clapping, by turning and making sounds. At $90, is said to be perfect for older children, toy collectors, and for adults with their inner child waiting to come out and play (Rose, 2006). The Wall-E is interesting, in that it combines characteristics from the top brand. With the price tag of $120, Wall-E falls in the middle-tier of its competitors. However, Wall-E wins the competitive edge stemming from the features-to-cost ratio against the top leaders. Dealing with competition can be difficult, as the competitor can duplicate the product or even improve on the strategies. It is critical for organizations to have a unique selling proposition that puts it above the competition. Conclusion All in all, research shows that Disney has identified their target market for the new voice activated robotic Wall-E toy to be parents of children from ages 6 through mid- teens. The targeted market location is believed to be in the working class, which covers a broad range of individuals, who will be influenced by the price more so than classes above them. Wall-E will be promoted through the Disney channel and commercials of the Wall-E movie. The toys top competitors are identified as the Polo dinosaur and the Ultimate Bumblebee Transformer. Both have features like the Wall- E robot, but the price is more reasonable for its targeted market. Being the movie tied for third largest opening with $62. 5 million, Disney should have great success with the release of the new Wall-E toy.

Pricing Kernels Defined in Relation to Asset Pricing

Pricing Kernels Defined in Relation to Asset Pricing The asset pricing kernel,  also known as the stochastic discount factor (SDF), is the random  variable that satisfies the function used in computing the price of an asset. Pricing Kernel and Asset Pricing   The pricing kernel, or stochastic discount factor, is an important concept in mathematical finance and financial economics. The term  kernel  is a common mathematical term used to represent an operator, whereas the term stochastic discount factor  has roots in financial economics and extends the concept of the kernel to include adjustments for risk. The fundamental theorem of asset pricing in finance suggests that the price of any asset is its discounted expected value of future payoff specifically under risk-neutral measure or valuation. Risk-neutral  valuation can only exist  if the market is free of arbitrage opportunities, or opportunities to exploit price differences between two markets and profit from the difference. This relationship between an assets price and its expected payoff is considered the underlying  concept behind all asset pricing. This expected payoff is discounted by a unique factor that depends upon the framework set forth by the market.  In theory, risk-neutral valuation (in which there is an absence of arbitrage opportunities in the market) implies the existence of some positive random variable or the stochastic discount factor. In risk-neutral  measure, this positive stochastic discount factor would theoretically be used to discount the payoff of any asset. Additionally, the existence of such a pricing kernel or stochastic discount factor is equivalent to the law of one price, which presumes that an asset must sell for the same price in all locales or, in other words, an asset will have the same price when exchange rates are taken into consideration. Real-Life Applications Pricing kernels have numerous uses in mathematical finance and economics. For instance, pricing kernels can be used to produce contingent claim prices. If we were to know the current prices of a set of securities in addition to the future payoffs of those securities, then a positive pricing kernel or stochastic discount factor would provide an efficient means of producing  contingent claim prices assuming an arbitrage-free market. This valuation technique is particularly helpful in an incomplete market, or a market in which total supply is not sufficient to meet the demand. Stochastic Discount Factors Apart from asset pricing, another use of the stochastic discount factor is in the evaluation of the performance of hedge funds managers. In this application, however, the stochastic discount factor would not strictly be considered the equivalent to a pricing kernel.

The Romanesque churches And Gothic Cathedrals Period Essay

The Romanesque churches And Gothic Cathedrals Period - Essay Example In spite of the Gothic period coming after the Romanesque period, the two periods, however did not use similar elements in their architectural designs. The main ideology following the Romanesque churches and Gothic cathedral were the ideologies which were used in their construction. The age during the period was known as the middle ages and was synonymous with poverty. Due to the change in the way of life between these two periods, the architecture adopted also shared a number of similarities and differences. The ideology used in the construction of Romanesque architecture was based on centered on protection. An example is that during the period, monasteries served as shelters for relics and saints, hence the practices of the two groups serving as a basic purpose in the construction of different structures. On the contrary, architectural constructions adopted by the Gothic were big churches known as cathedrals. These buildings were designed with towers. The ideology behind such a des ign was to make the people believe further in a presence of an almighty being who were placed upwards towards divinity. The cathedral designed during the Gothic period was meant to symbolize the faith and dedication of the people towards their religion. Lastly, the spirituality practiced by individuals during the Gothic period was stronger as compared to individuals living during the Romanesque.The ideal majorly practiced during the middle ages period was one that was centered on classical background.

Medication administration safety Research Paper

Medication administration safety - Research Paper Example According to a one year long study conducted at Albany Medical center, the number was medication errors was 3.99 per 1000 medications (Cardinale, 1997, 1).Most medication errors are said to occur owing to problems of both individuals as well the system (Montesi & Lechi, 2009, p652) and in either case these errors hamper the patients adversely. At the individual level health caregivers are prone to misread drugs labels, medicate the wrong patient, and administer wrong dosage or all of these. For example, bottles of cyclopentolate (1%) and tropicamide (1%) are often mistaken for each other. Both the medicines have a red cap which indicated their common drug class (cyclopegics) but makes them appear exactly identical except for their printed labels. Hospital employees often do not understand the color coding of caps and ignore label reading leading to medication error (Cohen, 2013, p72). Physicians too maybe responsible for some of these problems. Many a time’s handwritten prescr iptions bearing illegible drug dosage or names are misread by the pharmacists because of whom a potential medication error occurs. The pen and paper system maybe often interpreted wrongly leading to negative impacts on the patient and improper medical care. Dosage miscalculation is another fatal mistake. Dosage conversion from milligrams to milliliters etc are often calculated wrongly and the patient receives improper dose of medicine. Patients often take wrong medicines by themselves. This is a result of dearth of patient counseling and patient education in terms of self-medication. Medication errors are sometimes a product of system errors. The drug dispensing process right from medicine prescription to drug delivery is often not clearly defines and are not continuous. It is often seen that nurses, pharmacist and other employees engage in non-important talks preventing them from focusing on the job at hand. Hospital environmental too play a minor role in medication errors, for exa mple noise level, distractions, poor lighting etc are often the reasons due to which caregivers make mistakes. The most important factor for system based medication error is lack of knowledge and appropriate exposure. Today, medication administration safety is the top priority of any medical institution. Thus several strategies have been employed to minimize the possibility of medication errors worldwide. Several studies have proved that usage of technological advancements can helps reduce medication errors (Kaushal et al,2001) One of the most widely used technologies today is the Bar coded medication administration. A bar code is attached to each patient’s wrist and the nurse responsible for drug administration scans the wrist of the patient before drug administration to ensure the right medicine, dosage and patient. The system has the potential to point out errors in medication, medication administration route, dosage measurement or patient identity (Koppel et al 2008, p 42 0) The use of Bar code technology helps nurse practitioners avoid common mistakes and efficiently administer the drug. Personal Digital assistant technology is yet another advancement that can help nurses prevent medication administration errors. The device displays the patient details digitally at one time and increases efficiency of service. CPOE or Computer Physicians Order entry is